Glossary | Anaeli Rehabilitasyon Merkezi

#A B C Ç D E F G H I-İ J K L M N O Ö P Q R S-Ş T U Ü V W Y

#1 terms

5070 sayılı Elektronik İmza Kanunu: Türkiye’de elektronik imzanın hukuki temeli.

A116 terms

AAC (Tamamlayıcı ve Alternatif İletişim / Augmentative and Alternative Communication): Sözel iletişimi destekleyen ya da yerini alan sembol/foto/cihaz tabanlı sistemler.
AAC Pano Şablonu (AAC Board Template): Belirli bir bağlam için (hastane, evde günlük rutin, hobiler) ön-tasarlanmış AAC pano düzeni.
AAMR/AAIDD Adaptive Behavior Scale: A scale developed by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) designed to assess the adaptive behavior criterion in the diagnosis of intellectual disability.
AAT (Aachen Aphasia Test): Almanca kökenli, çok dilli kullanımı yaygın batarya.
Abonelik (Subscription): Aylık/yıllık tekrar eden ödeme modeli; SaaS’in temel iş modeli.
Acceleration: Strategies that allow gifted students to advance early to content they are ready for (grade skipping, early entrance, subject-based acceleration).
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A third-wave behavioral approach that develops acceptance toward thoughts and emotions and behavioral commitment aligned with personal values.
Acceptance Process: The process by which an individual or family integrates and internalizes the reality of a loss or difficulty; includes the Kübler-Ross stages.
Accessibility: The design of the built environment, transportation, information and communication technologies, and services in a manner that enables every individual to use them independently.
Acoustic Reflex: Evaluation of auditory pathways by measuring the involuntary contraction response of the middle ear muscles to high-intensity sound.
Acoustic Voice Analysis: Measurement of voice parameters such as pitch, intensity, jitter, shimmer, and harmonics-to-noise ratio using specialized software.
Action Verb Card (Eylem Kartı): Fiil adlandırma ve VNeST için hazırlanmış, eylem fotoğrafı + hedef fiil içeren kart.
Active Listening: The skill of understanding what the client says through reflecting, summarizing, and responding with empathy.
Activities of Daily Living: Fundamental activities necessary for an individual to live independently, such as eating, dressing, toileting, bathing, transferring, and personal hygiene.
Activity Schedule: A visual support tool in which planned activities are arranged using pictures, symbols, or text, particularly supporting the independence of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Acute Stress Disorder: A short-term disorder occurring within the first month after a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms similar to those of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
Açık Rıza (Explicit Consent): KVKK uyarınca özel nitelikli veri işlemenin temel hukuki dayanağı.
ADaPT (Aphasia Depression and Psychological Therapy): Baker ve ark. 2024; afazili bireyler için adapte edilmiş bilişsel-davranışçı terapi protokolü; %60-70 inme sonrası depresyona yönelik.
Adapted Instruction: Modification of instructional content, method, duration, or materials according to the individual's characteristics.
Adapted Seating System: Specially designed seating arrangements to support an individual's posture, symmetry, and participation in activities.
Adaptif Öğrenme (Adaptive Learning): Kullanıcının performansına göre zorluk düzeyini dinamik ayarlayan algoritma; Constant Therapy’nin imza özelliği.
Adaptive Behavior: The totality of conceptual, social, and practical skills required for an individual to function in daily life.
Adaptive Equipment: Customized tools individually manufactured to support daily living skills such as sitting, feeding, and writing.
Adaptive Learning Algorithm (Uyarlanabilir Öğrenme Algoritması): Performansa göre zorluk seviyesini dinamik ayarlayan algoritma; Constant Therapy’nin imza özelliği.
ADD (Afazi Dil Değerlendirme Testi / Aphasia Language Assessment Test): Maviş & Toğram (2009). 8 alt test: konuşma akıcılığı, işitsel anlama, tekrarlama, adlandırma, okuma, söz eylemler, dilbilgisi, yazma. 282 sağlıklı + 92 afazili birey üzerinde standardize. Detay Yayınları.
Adoption: The process of permanently and legally accepting into another family a child who cannot live with their biological family.
Afazi (Aphasia): Beynin baskın yarımküresinin (genellikle sol) dil ağında oluşan hasar sonucu sözel ifade, sözel anlama, okuma ve yazma alanlarından bir ya da birkaçında bozulmaya yol açan edinilmiş nörojenik dil bozukluğu (ASHA tanımı).
Agglutinatif (Sondan Eklemeli): Türkçe gibi, art arda eklenen biçimbirimlerle morfolojik yapıların oluşturulduğu dil tipi.
Agrafi (Agraphia / Acquired Dysgraphia): Edinilmiş yazma bozukluğu; sıklıkla afaziye eşlik eder.
Agrammatizm (Agrammatism): Cümle yapısı ve dilbilgisel ek/işlev sözcüklerinin bozulduğu, telgraf-tarzı konuşma görünümü; çoğunlukla Broca afazisinde.
AGTE: Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory; a domestic scale that screens the development of Turkish children aged 0–6 years through parent report.
Ağ Meta-Analizi (Network Meta-Analysis, NMA): Birden çok tedaviyi dolaylı olarak karşılaştıran istatistiksel yöntem.
Aile Eğitimi (Family Education): Aileye afazi, prognoz ve iletişim stratejilerinin öğretilmesi.
AJSLP: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology.
Akalkuli (Acalculia): Edinilmiş hesaplama bozukluğu.
Akıcı Afazi (Fluent Aphasia): Wernicke, Konduksiyon, Transkortikal Duyusal, Anomik tipleri kapsayan üst grup.
Akıcı Konuşma Modülü: MEB’in dil ve konuşma bozukluğu olan bireyler için resmi modülü.
Akıcı Konuşma Modülü: MEB ORGM’nin “Dil ve Konuşma Bozukluğu Olan Bireyler için Destek Eğitim Programı” içindeki resmi modüllerden biri.
Akıcı Olmayan Afazi (Non-fluent Aphasia): Broca, Transkortikal Motor, Mikst Transkortikal, Global tiplerini kapsayan üst grup.
Akıcı Olmayan/Agrammatik Varyant PPA (Non-fluent/Agrammatic Variant PPA, nfvPPA): Çabalı konuşma, agrammatizm, sıklıkla konuşma apraksisi eşlik eder. Atrofi: Sol inferior frontal girus, insula. Patoloji: Çoğunlukla FTLD-tau (4R-tau veya Pick/3R); azınlıkta FTLD-TDP.
Akut Faz (Acute Phase): İnme sonrası ilk 1 ay; hızlı spontan iyileşme dönemi.
Albinism: Reduced pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes due to a genetic disorder in melanin production; characterized by hypersensitivity to light and decreased visual acuity.
Aleksi (Alexia / Acquired Dyslexia): Edinilmiş okuma bozukluğu; saf aleksi (alexia without agraphia), yüzeyel aleksi, derin aleksi, fonolojik aleksi alt türleri vardır.
Alert Systems: Assistive technology designed for individuals with hearing impairments that conveys auditory stimuli such as doorbells, alarms, and telephone calls through light or vibration signals.
Alimony / Maintenance: A legal obligation to provide financial support to a child or spouse following divorce.
ALO 183 Hotline: A social support and counseling hotline in Turkey for women, children, individuals with disabilities, and relatives of martyrs.
Alternating Pressure Mattress: A specialized mattress that prevents pressure sores by alternately inflating and deflating air cells to continuously redistribute pressure points.
Alzheimer Hastalığı (Alzheimer’s Disease, AD): lvPPA olgularının %80+’ında altta yatan patoloji.
Amblyopia (Lazy Eye): Permanent reduction of visual acuity in one eye due to insufficient stimulation of the visual pathways during the developmental period.
Anaeli Anayasası (Insani Dokunuşlar Anayasası): Şirketin 14 maddelik içsel etik ve operasyonel ilkeler bütünü.
Anatomical Postural Assessment: Systematic evaluation of an individual's static and dynamic postural characteristics using observation and measurement tools.
Angelman Syndrome: A syndrome associated with loss in the maternal copy of the 15q11-q13 region; characterized by severe intellectual disability, ataxic gait, seizures, and frequent episodes of laughter.
Angüler Girus (Angular Gyrus): Brodmann 39; okuma, yazma ve adlandırmada rol.
Annex-4 Schedule: Official schedule used in the monthly billing of MEB (Ministry of National Education) support education services; contains session count, tariff, and student information.
Anodal tDCS: Pozitif elektrotun kortikal eksitabiliteyi artırdığı tDCS uygulaması; tipik olarak sol perilezyonel alana uygulanır.
Anoksik Beyin Hasarı (Anoxic Brain Injury): Kalp durması, boğulma, karbonmonoksit zehirlenmesi sonrası oksijensiz kalmaya bağlı yaygın hasar.
Anomi (Anomia): Sözcük bulma, özellikle isim adlandırma güçlüğü. Hemen tüm afazi tiplerinde görülen ortak çekirdek belirtidir.
Anomik Afazi (Anomic Aphasia): Akıcı, anlama korunmuş, tekrar korunmuş, adlandırma bozuk. En hafif afazi tipi. Lezyon: Sol angüler girus, geniş kortikal alanlar.
Anonymization: The irreversible process of transforming personal data so that it can no longer be associated with a specific individual.
Antecedent Modifications: Strategies based on proactively adapting environmental or demand variables to prevent the occurrence of problem behavior.
Anterior Temporal Lob (Anterior Temporal Lobe, ATL): Semantik bilginin merkezi; svPPA’nın atrofi bölgesi.
Aphasia: An acquired disorder that develops in the comprehension and/or production components of language as a result of brain damage.
Aphasia Café / Communication Café: Topluluk-temelli, kayıtsız, destekli sosyal iletişim buluşmaları; LPAA çerçevesinde.
Aphasia ID Card (Afazi Kimlik Kartı): Afazili bireyin kamuda taşıdığı, durumunu ve iletişim ihtiyaçlarını kısaca açıklayan kart (NAA, Lingraphica, ARC dağıtır).
Aphasia Quotient (AQ): WAB-R’den hesaplanan, afazi şiddetini özetleyen 0–100 arası skor. Klinik etkililik çalışmalarının birincil sonuç ölçütü.
Aphasia Software Finder: Tavistock Trust for Aphasia’nın 100+ İngilizce afazi terapi yazılımını listeleyen ücretsiz veri tabanı.
Aphasia-Friendly (Afazi-Dostu) Format: Kısa cümleler, görsel destek, anahtar sözcüklerin vurgulanması, yüksek kontrast, büyük punto ile düzenlenmiş içerik.
Aphasia-Friendly Text (Afazi-Dostu Metin): Stroke Association UK Accessible Information Guidelines’a uygun; kısa cümle, büyük punto, görsel destek, anahtar sözcük vurgu içeren içerik.
AphasiaBank Protocol & Database: TalkBank konsorsiyumu; 450+ video/transkript afazi konuşma örneği + CHAT/CLAN analiz araçları (aphasia.talkbank.org).
AphasiaScripts™: Cherney ve ark., Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. Sanal terapist avatarı ile bilgisayar tabanlı senaryo terapisi.
Aphasiology: Afazi alanının lider hakemli dergisi.
Applied Behavior Analysis: A scientific approach that aims to increase or decrease socially significant behaviors by relating behavior to environmental factors.
Apraxia of Speech: A disorder caused by difficulty in planning and programming speech movements, despite normal muscle strength.
APT (Aphasia Partnership Training): Smith ve ark.; aile çifti (dyad) odaklı CPT modeli.
Aralıklı Tekrar (Spaced Repetition): Doğru cevaplananların 1, 3, 7, 14 gün sonra; yanlış cevaplananların 1 saat sonra yeniden gösterilmesi prensibi.
ARASAAC (Aragonese Portal of Augmentative and Alternative Communication): İspanya Aragon Hükümeti tarafından desteklenen, 14.000+ piktogramdan oluşan açık erişim AAC kütüphanesi. CC BY-NC-SA lisansı, Türkçe etiket desteği. (arasaac.org)
ARAWrite: ARASAAC ekibinin geliştirdiği, NLP tabanlı cümleyi piktograma dönüştüren ücretsiz dönüştürücü.
Arkuat Fasikül (Arcuate Fasciculus): Broca ile Wernicke alanlarını bağlayan beyaz cevher yolağı; konduksiyon afazisinde hasar görür.
Art Therapy: A therapeutic approach in which the individual expresses and processes their experiences through painting, sculpture, and other forms of artistic expression.
Arthrogryposis: A condition of congenital contractures in multiple joints, accompanied by restricted movement.
Articulation Approach: Van Riper's therapy model focused on individual sounds, following the stages of sensory perception, production, transfer, and maintenance.
Articulation Disorder: Difficulties in the physiological production of speech sounds, characterized by substitution, omission, addition, or distortion of sounds.
Articulation-Phonology Test: An assessment tool that identifies articulation errors and phonological processes using standardized object/picture stimuli.
ASB Home Care: A monthly payment and service program supporting home care for individuals with severe disabilities under the Ministry of Family and Social Services (ASB).
Asenkron (Asynchronous) Telerehab: Hastanın kendi zamanında tamamladığı, terapistin sonradan inceleyip geri bildirim verdiği görev tabanlı model (Big CACTUS).
ASHA: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
Asperger Syndrome: A profile defined prior to DSM-5, characterized by difficulties in social interaction and restricted areas of interest without significant language delay; it is currently addressed within Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Aspiration (Suctioning): The process of clearing secretions accumulated in the respiratory tract using a mechanical suction device.
ASR (Otomatik Konuşma Tanıma / Automatic Speech Recognition): Konuşmayı metne çeviren teknoloji; afazili konuşma için optimize edilmiş özel modeller gerektirir.
ASR Confidence Threshold (ASR Güven Eşiği): Otomatik konuşma tanımanın bir transkripti “kabul” etmesi için gerekli olasılık eşiği; afazili konuşma için klasik %80+ eşik aşırı katı kalır.
Assistive Technology: Any type of hardware, software, or device used to maintain, develop, or enhance the functional capabilities of individuals with special needs.
Asynchronous Therapy: A form of remote support conducted at different times, such as video assignments, messaging, and feedback on home practice exercises.
Ataxic Cerebral Palsy: A type of CP characterized by significant difficulties in balance, coordination, and precise movements.
Attachment Theory: A theory developed by Bowlby and Ainsworth, proposing that the early caregiver-child relationship influences patterns of relationships and emotions throughout life.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that is inconsistent with the individual's age and developmental level; frequently co-occurs with specific learning disabilities.
Audio Description: Providing content accessibility for individuals with visual impairments by verbally conveying important visual elements in visual media through a voice-over narrator.
Audiogram: A chart that graphically displays hearing thresholds on a frequency-intensity axis.
Audiolog / Odyoloji (Audiologist / Audiology): İşitme değerlendirmesi ve rehabilitasyonu uzmanı.
Audiometry: Standard assessment method that determines hearing thresholds at frequency and intensity levels.
Audit Log: An immutable log that records all accesses and changes made within a system, capturing who performed them, when, and on which data.
Auditory Brainstem Response Audiometry: An objective test that records the electrophysiological responses of the auditory nerve and brainstem to stimuli.
Auditory Closure: The ability to complete incomplete or noisy speech by using contextual information.
Auditory Discrimination: The ability to distinguish between similar sounds and speech phonemes.
Auditory Memory: The ability to retain and retrieve auditory stimuli in both short-term and long-term memory.
Auditory Training: Systematic auditory learning activities consisting of the steps of sound detection, discrimination, identification, and comprehension.
Auditory-Oral Approach: An approach that incorporates lipreading and visual cues alongside auditory information, targeting the development of spoken language.
Auditory-Verbal Approach: An approach that aims to develop spoken language through natural means by supporting residual hearing with technology.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): An approach to communication using pictures, symbols, gestures, and electronic devices to replace or support spoken language.
Augmented Reality-Supported Instruction: A multisensory method delivered by overlaying digital layers onto the real environment; used in attention training and concept teaching.
Autism Diagnostic Interview: A clinical tool that assesses Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) through a structured interview with caregivers, based on the individual's developmental history and current behaviors.
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS): A scale recognized as the gold standard in evaluating the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) through standardized, structured social and communicative activities.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of interests and behaviors.
Autistic Pride: An approach that views autism as part of neurological diversity rather than a disorder; advocating for community and rights.
Automatic Thoughts: Mental contents that rapidly emerge without the individual's awareness in response to situations, shaping their emotions and behaviors.
AVT Therapy (Auditory-Verbal Therapy): An approach in which the child develops language and speech exclusively through the auditory channel by maximally utilizing residual hearing and hearing device technology.
Aydınlatma Yükümlülüğü (Duty to Inform): Veri sorumlusunun ilgili kişiyi bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü.

B52 terms

B2B (Business to Business): İşletmeden işletmeye satış modeli (hastane, klinik, üniversite).
B2C (Business to Consumer): İşletmeden son kullanıcıya satış modeli.
Bakım Veren / Bakıcı (Caregiver): Afazili bireyin günlük bakım ve iletişim partneri.
Bakım Yükü (Caregiver Burden): Bakım vermenin yarattığı fiziksel, duygusal, ekonomik yük.
Barthel Index: A ten-item assessment tool that measures an individual's functional independence in daily life on a scale ranging from 0 to 100 points.
Barton Reading and Spelling System: An Orton-Gillingham-based program that systematically and sequentially teaches reading and spelling to individuals with dyslexia.
Baskın Yarımküre (Dominant Hemisphere): Dil işlevinin baskın olduğu yarımküre; sağ ellilerde >%95, sol ellilerde ~%70 oranında sol hemisferdir.
BAT (Başkent Afazi Testi / Başkent Aphasia Test): Dokur (2013, uzmanlık tezi). Görece yeni tarama testi.
Bathroom Adaptations: Adaptations that make the bathroom safe and accessible for independent use, such as grab bars, shower chair, non-slip mat, and raised toilet seat.
BDAE (Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination): Goodglass ve Kaplan’ın bataryası; Boston-Neoklasik sınıflandırma için temel.
Beck Anxiety Inventory: A self-report scale developed to measure the severity of anxiety symptoms and to differentiate them from depressive symptoms.
Beck Depression Inventory: A 21-item self-report scale that measures the severity of depression symptoms over the past two weeks.
Bedensel Yetersizlik Modülü: MEB’in motor beceriler ve günlük yaşam aktiviteleri modülü.
Bedridden State: A condition in which an individual is largely confined to bed; intensive care planning is required to prevent complications.
Behavior Intervention Plan: A written plan developed based on the results of a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) to reduce problem behavior and promote functional alternative behaviors.
Behavioral Activation: An intervention aimed at systematically increasing an individual's engagement with rewarding activities, particularly in cases of depression.
Behavioral Inflexibility: Marked resistance to routine changes, new situations, and flexible thinking.
BEP (Bireyselleştirilmiş Eğitim Programı / IEP — Individualized Education Plan): Özel eğitimde her birey için hazırlanan kişisel program.
Better Conversations with PPA (BCPPA): Volkmer ve ark. 2021; PPA için MRC çerçeveli, manualize edilmiş iletişim partneri eğitimi.
Beyin Enfeksiyonu (Brain Infection): Ensefalit, beyin apsesi vb.; özellikle herpes ensefaliti svPPA-benzeri tabloya yol açabilir.
Beyin Tümörü (Brain Tumor): Sol perisilvian bölgeyi tutan primer ya da metastatik tümörler afaziye yol açabilir.
Big CACTUS: Palmer ve ark. 2019, Lancet Neurology; 278 hastalık öz-yönetimli bilgisayar destekli SLT (CSLT) RCT’si; NICE NG236’nın app-tabanlı terapi önerisinin temel kanıtı.
Bilingual-Bicultural Approach: A model based on deaf individuals learning sign language and written/spoken language as separate languages, and developing a sense of belonging to both cultures.
Bilişsel-İletişimsel Bozukluk (Cognitive-Communicative Disorder): Dikkat, çalışma belleği, yürütücü işlev sorunlarının iletişimi etkilemesi.
Biometric Data: Data relating to physical characteristics that uniquely identify an individual, such as face, fingerprint, and iris; classified as special category personal data.
Biopsychosocial Model: An approach that posits that disability should be understood not solely in biological terms, but in interaction with the individual's psychological characteristics and social-environmental factors.
Bipolar Disorder: A mood disorder characterized by episodic alternation of manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes.
BKDS – Biometric Identity Authentication System: A system mandated for tracking session attendance via facial recognition in special education and rehabilitation centers; established as the basis for Ministry of National Education (MEB) payments starting May 1, 2026.
Blind: An individual who can receive visual information at an almost negligible level and primarily uses tactile and auditory channels in their education.
Bliss / Blissymbolics: Charles Bliss tarafından geliştirilen ~5.000 logografik AAC sembolünden oluşan tarihi sistem; afazi rehabilitasyonunda erken kullanım örnekleri vardır.
BNT (Boston Naming Test): 60 maddelik konfrontasyonel adlandırma testi; bağımsız da kullanılır.
Boardmaker: Tobii Dynavox’un PCS tabanlı, klinikte yaygın kullanılan AAC pano oluşturma yazılımı.
Bobath (NDT) Approach: A physiotherapy approach based on inhibiting abnormal movement patterns and facilitating normal posture and movement in individuals with cerebral palsy.
Body Parts Chart (Beden Bölümleri Çizelgesi): Anatomik adlandırma ve sağlık iletişimi için temel görsel referans.
BOLD Sinyali (Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent Signal): fMRI’ın temel sinyali; ILAT/CIAT sonrası perilezyonel ve homotipik sağ alanlarda artış gözlenir.
Bone Conduction Device: A system that transmits sounds directly to the inner ear through vibrations of the skull; particularly used in conductive hearing loss.
BOSS (Bank of Standardized Stimuli): Brodeur ve ark.; 1.400+ normalize foto, 15+ ölçü; yetişkin araştırma ve klinik kullanım için açık erişim.
Boston Naming Test Stimuli (PAR/Pro-Ed): BNT’nin 60 telifli çizimi; konfrontasyonel adlandırmanın altın standart uyaranı.
Botulinum Toxin Injection: A medical treatment used to temporarily relax spastic muscles, commonly applied in the management of cerebral palsy.
Boundaries: Relational arrangements that define the limits of roles, privacy, and responsibilities among family members and subsystems.
Bowen Family Therapy: An approach centered on the concepts of intergenerational transmission, differentiation of self, and triangulation.
Bozukluk-Temelli Yaklaşım (Impairment-Based Approach): Dilin spesifik bileşenlerini hedefleyen restitüsyon teknikleri.
Braille Alphabet: A raised writing system based on a six-dot cell that enables blind individuals to read and write by touching with their fingers.
Braille Display: Assistive technology that converts text from electronic devices into tactile reading using refreshable braille dots.
Braille Writer: A mechanical/electronic typewriter capable of producing all six Braille dots with a single keystroke.
Brain and Language: Nörodilbilim hakemli dergisi.
Broca Afazisi (Broca’s Aphasia): Akıcılığı bozuk, anlaması göreli korunmuş, tekrar ve adlandırma bozuk; agrammatik telgraf-tarzı konuşma. Lezyon: Sol posterior inferior frontal girus (Broca alanı).
Broca Alanı (Broca’s Area): Brodmann 44 ve 45; sol inferior frontal girusta yer alır. Konuşma üretimi ve sözdizim.
Broca's Aphasia: A type of aphasia characterized by slow, effortful, and telegraphic speech, with relatively preserved comprehension.
BSAT (Bilgisayarlı Simge Afazi Testi / Computerized Token Aphasia Test): Türkyılmaz (2009, Hacettepe doktora tezi). CRTT’in (Computerized Revised Token Test) Türkçe adaptasyonu; 10 alt test üzerinden işitsel anlama. 60 sağlıklı + 30 afazili.
Bundle (Paket): Birden çok ürünün indirimli olarak tek pakette satışı (örn. Tactus Language 4-in-1).
Burnout: A syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment resulting from prolonged occupational stress.

C99 terms

CAC (Customer Acquisition Cost / Müşteri Edinme Maliyeti): Bir müşteriyi kazanmanın ortalama maliyeti.
Care Home: An institutional care model in which individuals with high care needs reside on a residential basis, with nursing services provided 24 hours a day.
Care Plan: A written document prepared according to an individual's medical, physical, social, and psychological needs, defining care goals, methods, and responsible parties.
Care-Dependent Individual: An individual who is unable to independently carry out daily living activities and continuously requires the care and support of another person.
Caregiver: A person who takes responsibility for the daily care of an individual, either professionally or voluntarily; usually a family member.
Caregiver Burden: The totality of physical fatigue, emotional exhaustion, social isolation, and economic hardships experienced by a long-term caregiver.
Caregiver Health: The dimension of physical, mental, and social well-being that must be monitored in individuals who provide long-term care for a person with special needs.
Caregiver Training: Planned training aimed at equipping family members with skills in safe lifting, positioning, nutritional support, medication administration, and emergency response.
Case Formulation: A clinical framework that explains an individual's problems by integrating biopsychosocial factors, triggering events, and maintaining elements in a comprehensive manner.
Case Management: An approach that consolidates the identification of an individual's needs, the coordination of services, and the monitoring of outcomes under a single responsible party.
CAT (Comprehensive Aphasia Test): Birleşik Krallık kökenli kapsamlı batarya.
CAT-TR (Kapsamlı Afazi Testi Türkiye Uyarlaması): Comprehensive Aphasia Test’in Anadolu Üniv. BAP projesi kapsamında Türkçeye uyarlanmış sürümü.
Cataract: A condition in which the lens of the eye loses its transparency and becomes cloudy, resulting in reduced vision.
Catheter Care: Care practices aimed at maintaining urinary or intravascular catheters under appropriate hygiene conditions.
CBCL: A scale that screens emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents aged 4–18 years through parent report.
Cboard: 60.000+ semboldan çekebilen açık kaynak (GPL) web tabanlı AAC pano oluşturucu; Türkçe arayüz.
CC BY: Atıf gerektiren Creative Commons lisansı; ticari kullanım serbesttir.
CC BY-NC (NonCommercial / Ticari Olmayan): Atıf + ticari kullanım yasağı (Sclera vb.).
CC BY-NC-SA: Atıf + ticari olmayan + aynı şartlarla; ARASAAC’ın varsayılan lisansı.
CC BY-SA (ShareAlike / Aynı-Şartlarla): Atıf + türetilmiş eserlerin aynı lisansla dağıtılması zorunluluğu (Mulberry, OpenMoji vb.).
CC0 (Creative Commons Zero / Kamu Malı): Telif hakkından feragat; herhangi bir atıf veya izin gerekmez.
CCC-SLP: An international clinical competence certificate in speech-language pathology, awarded by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA).
Central Coherence: The tendency to integrate details and derive overall meaning; weak central coherence in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can lead to fragmented perception.
Central Hearing Loss: Difficulty in processing auditory stimuli in the central nervous system even though peripheral hearing is normal.
Cerebral Palsy: A condition resulting from a permanent but non-progressive lesion in the developing brain, characterized by disorders of movement and posture.
CETI (Communicative Effectiveness Index): Lomas ve ark.; iletişimsel etkinlik ölçeği; partner-rapor (eş, aile bireyi tarafından doldurulur).
Chaining: The process of teaching and combining the sub-steps identified in task analysis sequentially (forward, backward, or total task chaining) to form a complete skill.
CHARGE Syndrome: A genetic syndrome characterized by coloboma, heart anomalies, choanal atresia, growth and developmental retardation, and genital and ear anomalies; it may lead to multiple sensory impairments.
Child Abuse: Physical, emotional, or sexual behaviors directed toward a child that threaten the child's well-being.
Child Neglect: The failure of a caregiver to meet a child's basic physical, emotional, educational, or medical needs.
Child Protection System: The legal and administrative structure established for the identification, protection, and rehabilitation of children who have been neglected or abused.
Child-Centered Play Therapy: A humanistic play therapy developed by Axline, in which the therapist adopts a non-directive and unconditionally accepting attitude toward the child.
Choral Reading: A technique in which a group reads the same text aloud together; supports the development of reading fluency and prosody.
Chronic Disease Management: The integrated implementation of monitoring, education, and self-management strategies in long-term conditions such as diabetes, COPD, and heart failure.
Churn (Müşteri Kaybı): Belirli dönemde abonelikten ayrılan müşteri yüzdesi.
CIAT (Kısıtlama-Tabanlı Afazi Terapisi / Constraint-Induced Aphasia Therapy): Pulvermüller 2001. Sözel olmayan iletişimin kısıtlanması, yoğun pratik (haftada 30+ saat). ILAT ile büyük ölçüde örtüşür.
CILT (Constraint-Induced Language Therapy): CIAT’ın yaygın alternatif adlandırması.
Circular Questioning: A technique that reveals relational patterns by asking one member about the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of others.
Class I Level A: AHA/ASA gibi kılavuzlarda en yüksek tavsiye sınıfı ve kanıt düzeyi (Winstein 2016: SLT inme afazisinde Class I Level A).
Cleft Palate-Lip: A congenital anomaly resulting from the failure of the upper lip and/or palate to fuse at the midline during the embryonic period; it has significant effects on articulation, resonance, and feeding.
Cleveland State Workbook: Cleveland State Üniversitesi tarafından geliştirilen, kelime/cümle/anlama/bellek/işlev becerilerini kapsayan ücretsiz yetişkin afazi çalışma kitabı.
Clinical Decision Support System: A system in which artificial intelligence algorithms analyze clinical data to support the specialist's decisions on diagnosis, referral, and treatment through evidence-based recommendations.
Clinical Interview: A structured, semi-structured, or unstructured method conducted with an individual; a fundamental assessment approach for diagnostic and case formulation purposes.
Cluttering (Rapid-Disordered Speech): A fluency disorder characterized by an excessively fast, irregular, and often unintelligible rate of speech.
Co-occurring Disabilities: A condition in which an individual simultaneously presents with multiple disabilities or additional medical-psychiatric diagnoses at the same time.
Co-Parenting: The collaborative sharing of parenting responsibilities between separated parents for the benefit of the child.
Co-Teaching: A model in which a general education teacher and a special education teacher collaboratively plan and deliver instruction in the same classroom.
Coalitions: The formation of an overt or covert alliance between two or more family members against a third member.
Cochlear Implant: A surgically implanted electronic device that electrically stimulates the auditory nerve by bypassing the damaged inner ear.
Cochrane Systematic Review: Cochrane Collaboration’ın katı metodolojiyle yürütülen, klinik kanıt hiyerarşisinin tepesindeki sistematik derleme tipi (Brady 2016 SLT for Aphasia).
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A structured, short-term, evidence-based therapy that focuses on the connections between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Cognitive Distortions: Systematic patterns of thinking errors such as all-or-nothing thinking, catastrophizing, personalization, and mind reading.
Cognitive Restructuring: Identification of dysfunctional automatic thoughts and beliefs and replacing them with more balanced alternatives.
Cohen’s d: İki grup ortalaması arasındaki standardize farkı ifade eden etki büyüklüğü; 0,2 küçük / 0,5 orta / 0,8 büyük.
Coloboma: A congenital defect caused by incomplete closure during embryonic development in eye structures such as the iris, retina, choroid, or optic nerve.
Colostomy/Ileostomy Care: Hygienic management of the stoma area on the anterior abdominal wall and pouch changes.
Communication Board (İletişim Panosu): Düşük-teknolojili AAC; sembol/foto/yazılı sözcüklerin tematik olarak düzenlendiği basılı veya dijital pano.
Communication Tip Card (İletişim İpucu Kartı): Akıcı vs. akıcı olmayan afazi için partnere özel ipuçları içeren rack kartı (The Aphasia Center FL).
Community Living Skills: Skills for functioning independently within the community, such as shopping, using public transportation, and managing banking tasks.
Community-Based Instruction: A practice in which skill instruction is taken outside the classroom and conducted in real community settings (e.g., grocery store, bank, bus stop).
Compassion Fatigue: A condition that develops in helping professionals working with trauma, encompassing reduced empathy capacity and secondary traumatic stress.
Compliance Expansion: A behavioral strategy aimed at increasing an individual's rate of following instructions through structured reinforcement and gradual progression.
Complicated Grief: A grief response that has reached a pathological level, characterized by intense longing, inability to accept the loss, and persistent functional impairment despite a prolonged period of time since the loss.
Compromise: The process by which parties reach a common solution that partially meets each other's needs.
Conceptual Development Training: Acquisition of daily life concepts that cannot be obtained through observation in visual impairment, through tactile and experiential methods.
Conceptual Skills: Academically based adaptive skills such as language, literacy, money, time, and number concepts.
Concrete to Semi-Concrete to Abstract Approach (CSA): A graduated instructional method in which mathematical concepts are taught first with manipulatives, then with visual representations, and finally with symbols.
Conduct Disorder: A repetitive pattern of behavior involving violations of the basic rights of others and age-appropriate societal norms.
Conductive Hearing Loss: Hearing loss caused by an obstruction in the transmission of sound waves from the outer and middle ear to the inner ear.
Confidentiality: A professional principle stipulating that information shared by the client must not be disclosed to third parties, except in exceptional circumstances.
Conflict Management: Skills aimed at resolving family disagreements without resorting to violence and with mutual respect.
Congenital Hypothyroidism: A metabolic condition caused by thyroid hormone deficiency at birth that can lead to intellectual disability if not treated early; preventable through newborn screening.
Constant Therapy: Boston University spin-off; AI tabanlı uyarlanır görev ataması; ~25$/ay abonelik.
Constant Time Delay Instruction: A technique in which a predetermined fixed time interval is waited after the target stimulus, and if no response occurs, a controlling prompt is provided.
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: An intensive therapy approach used in hemiparetic cerebral palsy, in which the unaffected extremity is restrained for a specific period of time in order to increase the use of the affected extremity.
Continuity of Care: The uninterrupted and integrated continuation of services received by an individual, regardless of changes in age, institution, or specialist.
Contracted Braille: A system developed to represent frequently used words and letter groups with a single Braille cell, thereby increasing reading speed.
Contracture: Permanent reduction of joint range of motion caused by the shortening and stiffening of muscles and soft tissues.
Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to perceive differences between varying levels of brightness.
Conversation Groups / Communication Circles: SLP veya eğitimli partner moderatörlüğünde yürütülen, afazili bireylerin sosyal iletişim pratiği yaptığı küçük gruplar.
Coping Skills: Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies used by an individual to manage stressful situations.
Correct Words Read Per Minute: A quantitative measure of reading fluency, expressed as the number of words read accurately and without error within a standardized time period.
Cortical Visual Impairment: A visual impairment caused by damage to the visual pathways in the central nervous system, despite an intact eye structure.
Counting-Based Strategy: An early developmental strategy used in solving arithmetic problems by counting with fingers or objects.
Couples Therapy: A form of therapy that addresses the relationship difficulties, communication patterns, and emotional bond of two partners.
CPT (Communication Partner Training / İletişim Partneri Eğitimi): SCA dahil çeşitli partner-eğitim yaklaşımlarının şemsiye terimi. Simmons-Mackie sistematik derlemeleri (2010, 2016).
Cri-du-Chat Syndrome: A syndrome caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5, characterized in infancy by a cat-like cry and accompanied by intellectual disability.
Crisis Intervention: A brief intervention aimed at ensuring the safety of an individual during an acute psychological crisis and rapidly restoring emotional balance.
Criterion-Referenced Measurement: A type of assessment in which an individual's performance is compared against a predetermined criterion rather than against the performance of others.
Crossed Afazi (Crossed Aphasia): Sağ-elini kullanan bireyde sağ yarımküre lezyonuna bağlı atipik afazi; nadirdir.
Crossover Trial (Çapraz Tasarım): Aynı katılımcıların sırayla iki tedavi koşulundan geçtiği RCT tipi (Stark & Warburton 2018 iPad öz-terapi örneği).
Cue Card (İpucu Kartı): Aile/iletişim partneri için “yavaş konuş, jest kullan, yaz” gibi SCA stratejilerini özetleyen küçük kart.
Cued Articulation: İşitsel/görsel ipuçlarıyla artikülasyon desteği.
Cued Speech: A system that supports the indistinguishable sounds of lip movements using specific handshapes and placements.
Cueing Hierarchy Worksheet: Semantik → fonemik → ortografik ipucu kademelerini sırayla sunan klinik çalışma sayfası.
Cuespeak: İngiltere; klinisyen reçeteli ev egzersiz platformu; £15/ay.
Culturally Responsive Counseling: A counseling practice conducted by taking into account the family's cultural values, beliefs, and language.
Curriculum-Based Measurement in Reading: Frequent and systematic monitoring of reading fluency using short, curriculum-based reading samples.
Cycles Approach: An approach used in severe phonological disorders in which different target sound patterns are practiced alternately at regular intervals.

Ç2 terms

Çevrimiçi Afazi Terapi Programı (Aphasia Therapy Online): Dr. John Pierce (La Trobe University); ücretsiz; Türkçe uyarlaması Üsküdar Üniversitesi DKT Bölümü tarafından yapıldı. aphasiatherapyonline.com/tr
ÇÖZGER (Special Needs Report for Children): Special Needs Report for Children (Turkish: ÇÖZGER). An official health board report that entered into force under the regulation dated February 20, 2019. It determines the special needs level of children aged 0–18 based on functionality rather than disease diagnosis. It replaced the former "Disabled Persons Health Board Report".

D75 terms

DAISY Book: A digital book format designed with a navigable structure for visually impaired individuals, capable of presenting audio and textual content simultaneously.
DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Years): Yetiyitimine ayarlanmış yaşam yılı; hastalık yükü ölçütü.
Data Protection Impact Assessment: A process that proactively evaluates the potential effects of high-risk data processing activities on individual rights and identifies measures to mitigate those risks.
Data-Based Decision Making: Systematic collection of student performance data and shaping instructional decisions based on this evidence.
DAU/MAU: Günlük Aktif Kullanıcı / Aylık Aktif Kullanıcı oranı; bağlılık göstergesi.
Day Care Center: A center where the individual receives social interaction, rehabilitation, and medical care during daytime hours, with the ability to return home in the evening.
Days/Months/Dates Board (Takvim Panosu): Zaman vokabülerine yönelik; gün, ay, mevsim, tarih ifadeleri içeren AAC pano.
Deaf Culture: A linguistic-cultural community formed by deaf individuals who share sign language, common values, and social norms.
Deaf-Blindness: Combined impairment of both vision and hearing; requires specialized intervention for communication, access to information, and independent mobility.
Deafness: A condition of hearing loss typically at 90 dB or above, in which there is severe difficulty processing auditory information even with amplification.
Decibel: A unit that expresses sound intensity on a logarithmic scale.
Decoding: The process of sounding out written words using letter-sound relationships.
Deep Vein Thrombosis Prevention: Prevention of intravascular clot formation in immobile individuals through compression stockings, passive exercise, and anticoagulant therapy.
Delayed Language Development: A condition in which the expected vocabulary and word-combination skills around age 2 do not emerge, and which may later develop into a persistent language disorder.
Denver II Developmental Screening Test: An international tool that screens development in personal-social, fine motor, language, and gross motor domains in children aged 0–6 years.
DEP (Eğitsel Değerlendirme ve Performans Belirleme Formu): RAM’lar tarafından özel eğitim sürecinin başlangıcında ve takibinde kullanılan resmi form.
Destek Eğitim Programı: MEB’in özel eğitim merkezleri için modüler içerikli yapılandırdığı, SGK karşılığı geri ödemeli özel eğitim çatısı.
Destek Eğitim Programı (Support Education Program): MEB’in modüler içerikli programları (Akıcı Konuşma Modülü, Bedensel Yetersizliği Olan Bireyler için Günlük Yaşam Becerileri vb.).
Detay Yayın / Seçkin Yayınevi / Akademisyen / ReKitap / Tamadres / Duyu Market: Türkiye’de ADD, GAT-2, RAT, SİAT, SST, CAT-TR gibi standardize testlerin ve afazi kitaplarının başlıca dağıtıcıları.
Developmental Age: The age corresponding to the level of developmental competence exhibited by an individual, regardless of their chronological age.
Developmental Language Disorder: A disorder characterized by persistent and significant difficulties in language acquisition without an explanatory neurological, sensory, or intellectual cause.
Developmental Milestones: Developmental indicators expected to appear at specific ages in the motor, language, social, and cognitive domains.
Developmental Screening: Brief, standardized screening tools applied to identify early whether a child is at risk in developmental domains (e.g., Denver II, AGTE, GEÇDA).
DIR/Floortime: A play-based approach led by the child, aimed at supporting developmental milestones through relationships and emotions.
Diabetic Retinopathy: A condition that develops due to damage caused by long-term diabetes to the small blood vessels in the retina; one of the significant causes of progressive vision loss.
Diagnostic Delay: The prolongation of the period between the onset of symptoms and the formal diagnosis to an extent that narrows the early intervention window.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy: A therapy targeting emotion regulation difficulties, especially borderline personality disorder, incorporating modules on mindfulness, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness.
Differentiated Instruction: A teaching approach in which content, process, product, and learning environment are diversified to respond to the different learning profiles of students within the same classroom.
Diffuse Boundaries: Boundaries in which roles and distances between members are not sufficiently defined; observed in enmeshed family structures where roles and relationships overlap.
DiGA (Digital Health Applications Act): Almanya 2019; dijital sağlık uygulamalarının sağlık sigortası geri ödemesine girişi.
Digital Biomarker: The use of digital data obtained from smartphones, wearable devices, or tablets as indicators of clinical status.
Digital Health Literacy: An individual's ability to find, evaluate, and use online health information and services.
Dijital Terapötik (Digital Therapeutic, DTx): Belirli bir hastalığı önleyen, yöneten ya da tedavi eden, kanıta dayalı yazılım tabanlı tıbbi müdahaleler.
Dil ve Konuşma Bozuklukları (Speech-Language Pathology, SLP): Disiplin alanı.
Dil ve Konuşma Terapisti (DKT / Speech-Language Pathologist, SLP): Dil, konuşma, yutma bozukluklarını değerlendiren ve tedavi eden lisanslı meslek profesyoneli.
DİLGEM: Türkiye’nin ilk özel DKT merkezi; afazi türleri ve PACE/ADİS gibi yöntemlere Türkçe rehber içerikler yayımlar.
DİLKOM: Anadolu Üniversitesi Dil ve Konuşma Bozuklukları Eğitim, Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi.
Diplegia: A symmetric motor disorder that typically affects the lower extremities more than the upper extremities.
Direct Instruction: A structured method in which the target skill is explicitly modeled by the teacher and acquired through guided and independent practice.
Disability Health Board Report: A report that determines the special needs status of individuals aged 18 and above, serving as the primary basis for accessing disability rights and benefits.
Disability Identity Card: A card issued by the Ministry of Family and Social Services that enables individuals with disabilities to benefit from their legal rights and entitlements.
Discrete Trial Teaching: An intensive instructional method consisting of a stimulus, response, consequence, and inter-trial interval, delivered through structured and repeated trials.
Disengaged Family: A family type characterized by low emotional closeness among members and limited communication and supportive interaction.
Disfaji (Dysphagia): Yutma bozukluğu; inme sonrası sık görülür ve dil-konuşma terapistinin (DKT) birincil çalışma alanı içindedir.
Disfazi (Dysphasia): Eski terminolojide kısmi dil bozukluğu; günümüzde “afazi” altında ele alınır, ayrı bir tanı kategorisi olarak tercih edilmez.
Dissociative Disorders: Trauma-related conditions characterized by a loss of continuity in identity, memory, consciousness, and perception.
Distributed Practice (Dağıtılmış Pratik): Aynı toplam dozun zamana yayılarak verilmesi; uzun vadede daha iyi öğrenme korunması ile ilişkilendirilir.
Divorce Counseling: Support for individuals going through the divorce process to cope with emotional, legal, and parenting challenges.
Divorce Risk in Families of Children with Disabilities: Increased risk of separation between spouses in certain groups due to caregiving burden, economic pressure, and differing coping styles.
Dizartri (Dysarthria): Konuşma kaslarının zayıflığı, sertliği veya koordinasyon bozukluğu nedeniyle ortaya çıkan motor konuşma bozukluğu. Spastik, atak, hipokinetik, hiperkinetik, flaksid ve mikst alt-tipleri vardır.
DKTD (Dil ve Konuşma Terapistleri Derneği): 2004’ten beri Türkiye’nin DKT meslek derneği; etik kuralları, etkinlikleri ve DKYAD dergisini yayımlar.
DKYAD (Dil, Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi): DKTD’nin yılda 3 sayı çıkardığı, hakemli, açık erişim Türkçe dil ve konuşma terapisi dergisi.
Dog-fooding: Şirketin kendi ürününü iç kullanım için kullanması — kalite kontrol stratejisi.
Domestic Violence: Physical, emotional, sexual, or economic violent behaviors occurring among family members.
Double Bind: A communication pattern defined by Bateson in which contradictory messages are conveyed simultaneously and cannot be avoided.
Down Syndrome: A condition caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21); the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability.
Doz (Dose): Toplam terapi saati. RELEASE: optimal 20–50 saat.
DPO (Data Protection Officer / Veri Koruma Sorumlusu): Şirket içi veri koruma uyumu sorumlusu.
Drama Therapy: An expression-based approach that uses role-playing, improvisation, and story enactment techniques.
DRM (Digital Rights Management / Dijital Haklar Yönetimi): Dijital içeriğin yetkisiz çoğaltılmasını önleyen teknolojik koruma.
Dual Diagnosis: The co-occurrence of intellectual disability alongside a psychiatric disorder (mood disorder, anxiety disorder, psychotic disorder, etc.).
Dual-tDCS: Anodal ve katodal elektrotların eşzamanlı kullanıldığı tDCS protokolü (Yao ve ark. 2020 NMA).
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An X-linked recessive type characterized by progressive muscle weakness that begins in early childhood.
Duyu Bütünleme (Sensory Integration): Otizm, DEHB ve gelişimsel bozukluklarda kullanılan yaklaşım.
Düşünce Sesli Protokol (Think-Aloud Protocol): Kullanıcının ürünü kullanırken düşüncelerini sesli ifade etmesi.
Dynamic Assessment: An assessment approach aimed at identifying not only an individual's current performance but also their potential that can be reached with appropriate support.
Dysarthria: A motor speech disorder resulting from weakness, slowness, or impaired coordination of the muscles involved in speech.
Dyscalculia: A learning difficulty characterized by significant challenges in number sense, arithmetic operations, and mathematical reasoning.
Dysfunctional Communication: Communication that contains accusatory, critical, withdrawn, or contradictory messages, increasing conflict and alienation.
Dysgraphia: A learning difficulty characterized by significant challenges in handwriting, spelling, and written expression skills.
Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: A type of CP characterized by involuntary movements such as athetosis, chorea, and dystonia, accompanied by fluctuating muscle tone.
Dyslexia: A type of learning disability based on phonological processing, characterized by significant difficulties in word recognition, spelling, and reading fluency that are disproportionate to one's level of intelligence.
Dysorthography: Persistent difficulty in adhering to spelling rules and correctly spelling words; usually accompanies dyslexia.
Dysphagia-Adapted Diet: A dietary arrangement with modified consistency and texture for individuals with swallowing difficulties, ensuring safe swallowing.
Dysthymia / Persistent Depressive Disorder: A condition lasting at least two years, characterized by relatively mild but chronic depressive symptoms.

E58 terms

E-REHA / e-rehabilitasyon: Anaeli Sağlık ve Eğitim Hizmetleri Tic. Ltd. Şti.’nin geliştirdiği özel eğitim ve rehabilitasyon yönetim platformu.
E-REHAEV: Ev tabanlı tele-rehabilitasyon modülü.
e-Sağlık (eHealth): Sağlık hizmetlerinde dijital teknolojilerin kullanımının şemsiye terimi.
Early Childhood Special Education: Structured educational practices designed to support the developmental areas of children with special needs between 37 and 72 months of age.
Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention: An ABA-based intensive early intervention program for preschool-aged children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), comprising 20 to 40 hours per week.
Early Intervention: A comprehensive set of multidisciplinary services provided to children between 0 and 36 months of age who are at risk of or have developmental disabilities, as well as to their families.
Early Intervention Intensity: Components of the intervention such as weekly hours, duration, session frequency, and number of goals are among the key determining factors for outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Early Intervention Window: The age range of 0–3 (or 0–5) years during which the brain has the highest neuroplasticity; the gains from intervention are greatest during this period.
Early Start Denver Model: A comprehensive early intervention program for children aged 12–48 months with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder); combining developmental principles with ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) techniques in a play-based natural environment.
EAT (Ege Afazi Testi / Ege Aphasia Test): Atamaz, Yağız On & Durmaz (2007). Ege Üniversitesi PMR kliniği temelli; akut/subakut hastane ortamı için.
Eating Disorders: Disorders related to eating behavior and body image, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.
Eccentric Viewing Technique: The skill of individuals with central vision loss to direct their gaze to the side of a target in order to use the preserved area of the retina.
Echolalia: The immediate or delayed verbatim repetition of what others have said; it may serve a communicative function.
Ecological Assessment: A functional assessment based on the skills and routines an individual needs to perform in their natural environments (home, school, community).
Ecomap / Eco-chart: A diagram that visualizes the relationships between a family and the institutions, social networks, and resources in their surrounding environment.
Edinilmiş Dil Bozukluğu (Acquired Language Disorder): Dil edinimi tamamlandıktan sonra ortaya çıkan dil bozukluğu; gelişimsel dil bozukluğunun karşıtı.
Educational Assessment: The process conducted by the Guidance and Research Center (RAM) to identify the educational needs of an individual, determine their current performance level, and place them in an appropriate educational setting.
Educational Performance Record: An approach that monitors student progress through short, frequently repeated curriculum-based measurements.
Effect Size (Etki Büyüklüğü): Tedavinin büyüklüğünü standart birimde ifade eder (Cohen’s d, Hedge’s g vb.).
Effectiveness of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention: Evidence base indicating that structured ABA-based intervention of 20–40 hours per week yields medium-to-large effect sizes in cognitive, language, and adaptive behaviors.
Effectiveness vs Efficacy (Etkililik vs. Etkinlik): Kontrollü laboratuvar koşullarında (efficacy) ve gerçek klinik yaşamda (effectiveness) tedavi sonuçlarını ayıran terminoloji.
Eisenberg / Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: An X-linked inherited disorder caused by HPRT enzyme deficiency, characterized by intellectual disability, self-injurious behaviors, and movement disorders.
Ekolali (Echolalia): Karşı tarafın söylediğini istemsizce tekrar etme.
Electrolarynx: An electronic device placed against the throat or cheek that produces vibrations, enabling individuals who have undergone a laryngectomy to speak.
EMDR: An approach based on reprocessing and desensitizing traumatic memories through bilateral stimulation (e.g., eye movements).
Emergency Call System: A system that enables an individual to send an alert to a caregiver or emergency services with the press of a single button; typically worn as a wristband or pendant.
Emotion Coaching: A process developed by Gottman in which the parent guides the child to recognize, name, and regulate their emotions.
Emotion Regulation: The ability to manage the type, intensity, and mode of expression of experienced emotions in a purposeful and goal-oriented manner.
Emotion-Focused Coping: A coping style that emphasizes the regulation of emotional responses, and is particularly functional when a problem cannot be resolved.
Emotional Abuse: Behaviors such as humiliation, threats, and disregard that damage an individual's sense of self-worth and negatively affect their mental health.
Emotionally Focused Family Therapy: An attachment theory-based approach focused on repairing the core emotional bond in couples and families.
Empathy: The ability to understand another person's feelings and thoughts from their own perspective and to communicate that understanding back to them.
Enmeshed Family: A family structure characterized by excessive closeness among members, blurred boundaries, and suppression of individuality.
Enrichment Education: A teaching approach in which the curriculum is enriched in terms of depth, breadth, and complexity for gifted individuals.
Epilepsy: A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain; requires safety planning within special education settings.
Epilepsy (ASD Comorbidity): Seizure disorders occurring more frequently in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) compared to the general population; requires safety arrangements in educational planning.
EREHA 2.0: Platformun ileri sürümü; Meta Quest VR derin entegrasyonu hedefli.
Ergonomic Reading Stand: A device that supports reading performance and posture in individuals with low vision by bringing material closer to the eye and presenting it at an appropriate angle.
Ergoterapi (Occupational Therapy, OT): Günlük yaşam aktivitelerinde işlevselliği artıran rehabilitasyon disiplini.
Errorless Learning (Hatasız Öğrenme): Yanlış cevabın oluşmasına izin vermeyecek şekilde maksimum ipucuyla başlanan ve kademeli olarak ipucunun kaldırıldığı öğrenme yaklaşımı; PPA ve demansta önerilir.
Escape/Avoidance Behavior: Behavior exhibited by an individual with the purpose of getting away from an undesired task or stimulus.
ESO: European Stroke Organisation; 2024 Aphasia Guideline’ı yayımladı.
Esophageal Speech: An alaryngeal speech technique in which a laryngectomized individual produces voice by returning swallowed air from the esophagus in a controlled manner.
Ethical Principles: Principles guiding the practices of mental health professions, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, and integrity.
Etik Kurul (Institutional Review Board, IRB / Ethics Committee): Araştırma protokolünü etik açıdan onaylayan kurum.
Event Card Activity: An activity in which narrative skills are assessed by arranging randomly presented picture cards in logical order.
Evidence-Based Practice: A practice whose effectiveness has been proven through scientific research, delivered in integration with expert experience and the individual's characteristics.
Exam Accommodations: Exam arrangements provided for students with Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD), such as extended time, a quiet environment, reader/scribe support, and enlarged text size.
Executive Function Difficulties: Deficiencies observed in areas such as planning, organization, time management, and inhibitory control.
Executive Functions: Metacognitive processes that regulate goal-directed behavior, including planning, organizing, flexible thinking, inhibitory control, and working memory.
Expanded Core Curriculum: A comprehensive curriculum for individuals with visual impairments that, in addition to the general curriculum, covers nine unique areas such as independent living, orientation and mobility (O&M), technology, and social interaction skills.
Expanded Core Curriculum – 9 Areas: A curriculum framework encompassing 9 unique areas: compensatory/adaptive skills, orientation and mobility (O&M), social interaction skills, independent living, recreation and leisure, career education, assistive technology, sensory efficiency, and self-determination.
Experiential Family Therapy: An approach associated with figures such as Satir and Whitaker, in which the here-and-now experience and emotional expression are central to the therapeutic process.
Exposure Therapy: A behavioral method in which avoidance and anxiety are reduced through gradual and controlled exposure to the feared stimulus.
Expressive Language: The linguistic ability aimed at communicating thoughts, feelings, and desires verbally or in writing.
Extended Family Support: Instrumental and emotional support provided to the family by relatives other than parents (such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.).
External Robot-Assisted Gait Training: A method utilizing exoskeleton robotic systems similar to Lokomat, providing gait training with high repetition rates and controlled body load distribution.
Eye Movement Research: A method used to understand dyslexia profiles by recording fixations, saccades, and regressions during reading.

F47 terms

Fact Retrieval: The automatic recall of basic arithmetic facts (e.g., 7+8) from memory; notably impaired in dyscalculia.
Fall Prevention: Implementation of multi-component measures such as floor modifications, appropriate footwear, grab bars, lighting, and medication review.
Fall Sensor: A wearable or environment-mounted technology that detects sudden falling movements and automatically sends an alert.
Family Counseling: A structured service in which family members receive professional guidance in the areas of communication, relationships, and problem-solving processes.
Family Counseling Center: A licensed institution that provides multidimensional support to families on matters of marriage, family relationships, and child-rearing, in accordance with relevant legislation.
Family Court: A specialized court that handles legal disputes related to family matters such as marriage, divorce, custody, alimony, and child protection.
Family Education: Planned training provided to families with the aim of equipping them with the knowledge and skills necessary to take an active role in their children's development and learning processes.
Family Guidance Program: Planned activities in schools and institutions aimed at supporting families' educational, developmental, and parenting skills.
Family Guide (Aile Rehberi): Bakım verenler için afazi tanımı, prognoz ve iletişim stratejilerini içeren basılı/dijital rehber (NAA Caregiver Guide modeli).
Family Homeostasis: The ongoing patterns of the family aimed at maintaining its internal balance in the face of change.
Family Life Cycle: A framework that describes the developmental stages of a family, from its formation through expansion and contraction to retirement.
Family Psychoeducation: Providing families with information about a mental or developmental diagnosis, symptoms, coping strategies, and available resources.
Family Resilience: The family's capacity to cope with difficulties, adapt, and emerge stronger from crises.
Family Support Alert System: A digital mechanism that alerts the center coordinator when risk indicator thresholds in application usage data are exceeded, enabling early intervention in cases of parental burnout.
Family Systems Theory: A theory in which the family is conceptualized as an open system that maintains balance through the mutual interactions of its members.
Family Therapy: A therapeutic approach in which the family is treated as a whole, with problems understood and transformed within a systemic context.
FCET2EC: Breitenstein ve ark. 2017, Lancet; Alman çok merkezli RCT, kronik afazide 3 hafta ≥10 saat/hafta SLT’nin sözel iletişimi anlamlı geliştirdiğini gösterdi.
Feedback Loops: Cycles in which the behaviors of family members mutually influence one another, operating in the form of positive or negative feedback.
Feeding Tube Care: Care encompassing the cleaning of nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes, appropriate feeding techniques, and monitoring for complications.
FEES: A diagnostic examination in which swallowing function is directly visualized and evaluated through a flexible endoscope.
Fernald Method: A multisensory teaching approach for individuals with dyslexia; words are taught through the steps of seeing, saying, tracing with a finger, and writing.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A condition caused by exposure to alcohol during pregnancy, characterized by developmental delays and intellectual disability.
Figurative Language: Uses that differ from the literal meaning, such as idioms, similes, and metaphors; these may be difficult to comprehend for individuals with pragmatic language difficulties.
Filial Therapy: A method in which parents are taught play therapy skills in order to conduct therapeutic play sessions with their children.
Financial Literacy: The ability to recognize money, make purchases, manage a budget, use banking services, and carry out basic financial transactions.
Fine Motor Skills: Precise skills performed using small muscle groups, such as holding a pencil, buttoning clothes, and using scissors.
Finger Alphabet: A system in which letters are represented by hand and finger shapes, used for conveying names and special words within sign language.
Fizyoterapi (Physiotherapy, PT): Hareket ve fiziksel işlevin eski haline getirilmesi.
Flaticon / Icons8 / Vecteezy: Klinik materyallerde nesne ikonları, illüstrasyon ve vektör grafik ihtiyaçları için sıklıkla başvurulan, attribution-free veya prim-temelli üç büyük ikon-vektör kütüphanesi.
FM System: A classroom system that transmits the speaker's voice from a microphone directly to the listener's device, independent of background noise and distance.
fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging): İşlevsel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme; terapinin nöroplastik etkilerini gösteren çalışmalarda kullanılır.
Fonem Edit Mesafesi (Phoneme Edit Distance): İki fonem dizisi arasındaki minimum düzenleme uzaklığı; afazili konuşma için WER’e alternatif.
Fonotaktik (Phonotactics): Bir dilin izin verdiği ses dizilim kuralları (CV, CVC, CCVC vb.).
Food Selectivity: A highly restricted eating pattern commonly observed in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), related to the texture, smell, color, or brand of food.
Foster Family: A family that provides care, affection, and educational opportunities for a certain period of time to children who cannot be cared for by their biological family.
Fragile X Syndrome: One of the most common causes of hereditary intellectual disability, caused by an abnormal expansion of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.
Freemium: Temel özellikler ücretsiz, gelişmiş özellikler ücretli model.
Frekans Etkisi (Frequency Effect): Yüksek frekanslı sözcüklerin düşük frekanslılara göre daha kolay erişilmesi.
Frontotemporal Lober Dejenerasyon (Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration, FTLD): nfvPPA ve svPPA’nın altında yatan ana nörodejeneratif çatı.
FTR / PMR (Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon / Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation): Hekim uzmanlığı; inme rehabilitasyonunun klinik koordinatörü.
Functional Academic Skills: Reading, writing, math, and time and money management skills that are useful in everyday life.
Functional Behavior Assessment: A systematic process of examining antecedents and consequences in order to determine the function that a problem behavior serves.
Functional Communication: A form of communication that is clear, honest, respectful, and supports mutual understanding between parties.
Functional Curriculum: A special education curriculum in which skills and knowledge directly applicable to daily life are incorporated with priority over academic content.
Functional Independence Measure: An assessment tool that evaluates an individual's level of independence in the areas of self-care, mobility, communication, and social cognition across 18 items using a 7-point scale.
Functional Reading: The ability to decode and comprehend written stimuli required in daily life, such as signs, labels, short announcements, and instructions.
Functional Script — Pharmacy/Doctor/Grocery (İşlevsel Senaryo): Hastanın günlük yaşam ihtiyaçlarına göre hazırlanmış, akıcı üretilebilir hedef hale getirilen mini diyaloglar.

G33 terms

Gamification: Increasing motivation and engagement by incorporating game elements such as points, badges, and progress bars into non-game contexts.
Gastrostomy: A tube placed to provide direct feeding to the stomach in individuals with insufficient oral feeding.
GAT-2 (Gülhane Afazi Testi-2 / Gulhane Aphasia Test-2): Tanrıdağ, Topbaş & Maviş (2006); Maviş ve ark. (2007) standardizasyonu. Yatak başı tarama testi. Spontan konuşma, anlama, tekrar, adlandırma, okuma, yazma, oryantasyon. Cronbach α = 0,91; test-tekrar test r = 0,81.
GBD (Global Burden of Disease): Küresel hastalık yükü çalışması; ülke düzeyinde inme/afazi tahminlerinde standart kaynak.
GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation): AB Genel Veri Koruma Tüzüğü; KVKK ile yüksek oranda örtüşür.
GEÇDA: Gazi Early Childhood Assessment Tool; an inventory developed in Turkey to determine the developmental level of children aged 0–72 months.
Genelleme (Generalization): Eğitilmiş maddelerden eğitilmemiş semantik/fonolojik komşulara aktarım; SFA’nın temel hedeflerinden biri.
Generalization: The demonstration of an acquired skill or behavior across different people, settings, materials, and times.
Generalization Probe (Genelleme Sondası): Eğitilmemiş madde, modalite veya bağlamlara aktarımı izleyen periyodik ölçüm.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A disorder characterized by persistent, difficult-to-control excessive anxiety and worry about a wide range of topics and activities.
Genogram: A graphical schema that depicts at least three generations of a family, relationship patterns, and significant events using symbols.
Geographic Inequality: The structural injustice created by rural-urban or regional disparities in access to services for individuals with special needs.
Giftedness: The characteristic of individuals who demonstrate above-average performance compared to their peers in one or more areas and require enriched educational programs to meet their developmental needs.
Gilliam Autism Rating Scale: An observation-based scale adapted into Turkish that measures the severity of ASD symptoms in individuals aged 3 to 22 years.
Glaucoma: A disease that causes progressive vision loss as a result of optic nerve damage due to increased intraocular pressure.
Global Afazi (Global Aphasia): Tüm dil alanlarında ağır bozukluk; akıcılık, anlama, tekrar, adlandırma hepsi bozuk. Lezyon: Sol perisilvian alanın tamamı (büyük orta serebral arter infarktları).
Global Symbols: Mulberry, Tawasol, Sclera ve ARASAAC sembollerini birleştiren, çok dilli AAC platformu (globalsymbols.com).
Gorno-Tempini Konsensus Kriterleri (Gorno-Tempini Consensus Criteria): 2011’de yayımlanan, üç PPA varyantını ayırt etmek için kullanılan tanı kriterleri (Neurology).
Görünmez Filigran (Invisible Watermark): İnsan gözüyle algılanmayan, dijital içeriğe alıcı kimliğinin gömüldüğü antikorsanlık tekniği.
GPL (GNU General Public License): Türev eserlerin de GPL ile dağıtılmasını gerektiren copyleft yazılım lisansı; Cboard gibi açık AAC araçlarında kullanılır.
GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations): Klinik kılavuz önerilerinin kanıt kalitesi ve güçlülüğünü derecelendirme sistemi; ESO 2024 Aphasia Guideline’ın temeli.
Graduated Assistance: A method that begins with full physical assistance and systematically withdraws support based on the individual's performance.
Grapheme-Phoneme Correspondence: The accurate association of a written symbol (grapheme) with its corresponding sound (phoneme).
Graphic Organizer: A tool that visually organizes and presents relationships between pieces of information (e.g., mind map, Venn diagram, etc.).
Grief: A natural process experienced by an individual following a loss, encompassing emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions.
Grief Process in Families with a Child with Disability: A form of grief experienced by family members following the diagnosis of a child with special needs, which recurrently resurfaces in periodic episodes throughout the lifespan.
Gross Motor Skill: Skills performed using large muscle groups, such as sitting, standing, walking, and running.
Group Therapy: A form of therapy in which individuals sharing common problems benefit from therapeutic group interactions under the guidance of a therapist.
Guardian: A person appointed by the court to protect the rights of an individual who cannot sufficiently exercise their own will.
Guardianship: A court-appointed legal representation system designed to protect the rights and interests of individuals who are unable to manage their own affairs.
Guidance and Research Center (RAM): A national education institution responsible for diagnosing individuals with special needs, conducting their educational assessments, and referring them to appropriate educational settings.
Guide Dog: A dog that has undergone specialized training to provide safe mobility support to individuals with visual impairments.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disease affecting the peripheral nerves; characterized by rapidly progressing muscle weakness that begins in the legs and spreads upward.

H38 terms

Hand Hygiene: Washing hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based antiseptic for the appropriate duration and using the correct technique; a fundamental safety rule in care.
Hanen "More Than Words" Program: A family guidance program developed to build communication competency in families of young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Hanen Program: An early language intervention program developed for families of young children with language delays, based on parent-child interaction strategies.
Head Control: The ability of an individual to hold their head upright against gravity; a fundamental step in motor development and postural control.
Hearing Aid: An electronic assistive technology that amplifies surrounding sounds and transmits them to the individual.
Hearing Impairment: A condition in which the loss of auditory sensitivity is at a level that adversely affects an individual's communication, language, and academic achievement.
Hedges’ g: Küçük örneklem yanlılığı için düzeltilmiş Cohen’s d varyantı; afazi RCT’lerinde sıklıkla raporlanır.
Helsinki Bildirgesi (Declaration of Helsinki): İnsan deneklerle yapılan tıbbi araştırmalar için etik ilkeler.
Hemianopsi (Hemianopia): Görme alanının yarısının kaybı; homonim hemianopsi tipik.
Hemiparezi (Hemiparesis): Vücudun bir yarısında kas gücü kaybı; afazide tipik olarak sağ taraf etkilenir (sol hemisfer lezyonu).
Hemiplegia: A condition of paralysis affecting one side of the body (the right or left arm and leg).
Hemipleji (Hemiplegia): Vücudun bir yarısında tam felç.
Hemophilia: An X-linked hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factors, characterized by easy and prolonged bleeding episodes.
Hemorajik İnme (Hemorrhagic Stroke): Damar yırtılması sonucu beyne kanama; intraserebral kanama (ICH) ve subaraknoid kanama (SAH) alt-tipleri.
Hibrit Model (Hybrid Model): Senkron + asenkron + yüz yüze seansları birleştiren karma sunum modeli.
High-Tech AAC: Communication support based on digital tools such as eye tracking, speech-generating devices, and tablet applications.
Hippotherapy: A method in which the rhythmic movement of the horse's back, guided by a therapist, is utilized to support postural control, balance, and sensory integration.
Home Care Allowance: A monthly payment provided to relatives who care for a severely disabled individual at home, under conditions determined by the Ministry of Family and Social Services.
Home Care Service: A holistic service model provided to enable individuals in need of care to continue living in their own homes, comprehensively addressing their medical, social, and personal needs.
Home Care Team: A multidisciplinary team consisting of a physician, nurse, physiotherapist, psychologist, social worker, and dietitian.
Home Ergonomics: Reorganizing the home environment in accordance with the individual's functional limitations in order to enhance safety and independence.
Home Health Service: A service in which teams affiliated with the Ministry of Health provide examination, diagnostic testing, injections, wound dressing, and medical care at the individual's home.
Home Living Skills: Skills required in the home environment, such as meal preparation, cleaning, laundry, and minor repairs.
Home Visit: A visit conducted by health or social service personnel at the individual's home for the purposes of assessment, intervention, and follow-up.
Homework Pack (Ev Egzersiz Paketi): Atlas Aphasia Center, Tactus, Lingraphica gibi kuruluşların düzenli yayımladığı yapılandırılmış indirilebilir egzersiz seti.
Homotipik Sağ Alan (Right Hemisphere Homologue): Hasarlı sol bölgenin sağdaki simetrik karşılığı; afazi iyileşmesinde devreye girebilir.
Hoover Cane Technique: A technique based on sweeping the long white cane from side to side in an arc to scan the ground; it is the foundation of modern Orientation and Mobility (O&M) training.
Hospital Communication Book (Hastane İletişim Kitapçığı): Stroke Association UK örneği; yatakta YES/NO ve temel ihtiyaçları ifade etmeye yönelik resimli kitap.
Hospital-Type Bed: A bed with motorized adjustment of the head section, foot section, and height, facilitating care and patient positioning.
Human-in-the-Loop Validation: A secure approach in which every output generated by artificial intelligence is verified by a specialist before being converted into a final decision.
Hydrocephalus: A condition in which cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles due to a circulatory or absorption disorder, increasing intracranial pressure.
Hydrotherapy: A physiotherapy method that utilizes the buoyancy, resistance, and thermal properties of water; particularly beneficial for individuals with spasticity.
Hyperacusis: An excessive discomfort experienced by an individual in response to sounds that would not typically be considered disturbing.
Hyperlexia: A profile characterized by early decoding skills far exceeding what is expected for the child's age, often accompanied by significant difficulties in comprehension; may be associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Hypersensitivity: A condition characterized by excessively intense reactions to specific sensory stimuli, beyond the normal range.
Hypertonia: Abnormally elevated muscle tone; spasticity and rigidity are both evaluated within this scope.
Hyposensitivity: A condition of responding more weakly than expected to sensory stimuli, or being unable to notice them.
Hypotonia: A condition in which muscle tone is lower than normal; also referred to as "floppy baby" syndrome.

I-İ39 terms

IARC: International Aphasia Rehabilitation Conference.
ICD-10 / ICD-11 Diagnostic Codes: A standardized coding system for diseases and health conditions published by the WHO (e.g., F84.0 Childhood Autism, F90 ADHD, Q90 Down Syndrome).
ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health): WHO’nun işlevsellik, yetiyitimi ve sağlık sınıflandırması; LPAA’nın çerçevesi.
ICF-CY Classification: The World Health Organization's classification of functioning for children and youth, which comprehensively assesses body functions, body structures, activity, participation, and environmental factors in a holistic manner.
IEP Goal Completion Rate: The percentage of goals set in the Individualized Education Program (IEP) that meet the defined acquisition criteria.
ILAT (Yoğun Dil-Eylem Terapisi / Intensive Language-Action Therapy): Pulvermüller ve ark.; iletişim eylemine gömülü, yoğun, kısıtlama-temelli yaklaşımın güncel adı.
Immobility Syndrome: The simultaneous occurrence of complications such as muscle atrophy, contracture, pressure ulcers, thrombosis, and depression associated with prolonged immobility.
Incidental Teaching: Natural teaching directed toward planned goals by utilizing situations within daily routines in which the individual shows interest.
Incidental Teaching – High-Probability Request Sequences: A technique in which the individual is first presented with a series of easy-to-comply requests, followed by a more challenging request, thereby increasing the likelihood of cooperation.
Inclusive Communication (Kapsayıcı İletişim): Tüm iletişim engelli bireyleri içerecek şekilde uyarlanmış kurumsal iletişim politikası ve uygulaması.
Incontinence Care: Hygiene, skin care, and product use practices for individuals who are unable to control urinary or fecal functions.
Independent Living Skills: The set of skills required for an individual to maintain an independent life in their own household and in the community during adulthood.
Independent Mobility: Training in understanding one's position in the surrounding environment (orientation) and moving safely, independently, and effectively (mobility).
Individual with Special Needs: An individual who, due to various reasons, shows significant differences from the expected level of their peers in terms of individual characteristics and educational competencies.
Individualized Education Program (IEP): A written document prepared and implemented to achieve targeted goals in accordance with the developmental and disciplinary characteristics, educational performance, and needs of an individual with special needs.
Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP): A family-centered plan prepared for children with special needs in the preschool period (0–36 months) and their families; containing developmental support goals.
Individualized Instruction Program (IIP): A detailed instructional plan implemented in weekly and daily sessions to achieve the long-term and short-term goals specified in the Individualized Education Program (IEP).
Infection Control: Prevention of the transmission of infections in the home environment through hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and waste management.
Informed Consent: The process by which an individual gives approval after being adequately informed about the benefits, risks, and alternatives of the intervention.
Insecure Attachment: Avoidant, anxious, or disorganized attachment patterns that develop due to inconsistent, distant, or abusive attitudes of the caregiver.
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: Complex skills required for community living, such as shopping, meal preparation, use of transportation, medication management, and financial tasks.
Intellectual Disability: A developmental disability characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, encompassing conceptual, social, and practical skills, with onset before the age of 18.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ): A score obtained from standardized intelligence tests, serving as a quantitative indicator of mental functions.
Interdisciplinary Team: A team model in which specialists conduct individual assessments and then integrate their decisions in joint meetings.
Intergenerational Transmission: The phenomenon of attachment patterns, trauma, and dysfunctional coping strategies being transmitted across generations.
Intolerant Infant Sign Use: A limited number of expressive hand signs taught to hearing infants to support early communication.
Intra-family Communication: The fundamental process through which family members convey their emotions, thoughts, and needs to one another, thereby determining overall family functionality.
IPD (Bireysel Katılımcı Verisi / Individual Participant Data): Birden fazla çalışmanın ham verisinin birleştirildiği meta-analiz tipi; RELEASE’in tipi.
IPNP (International Picture Naming Project, UCSD): 520 nesne + 275 eylem çizimi, 7 dil normuyla; özellikle fiil adlandırma araştırmasında değerli (Bates ve ark., crl.ucsd.edu).
ISO 27001: Bilgi güvenliği yönetim sistemi standardı.
ISO 27701: Gizlilik bilgileri yönetim sistemi (PIMS) standardı.
İhmal Sendromu (Neglect / Hemispatial Neglect): Genellikle sağ parietal lezyonlarda, vücudun veya çevrenin bir yarısının “fark edilmemesi” durumu.
İletişim Çöküşü (Communication Breakdown): İletişim girişiminin başarısız olması; tamir stratejileri (repair strategies) gerekir.
İletişim Tamiri (Communication Repair): Çöküş sonrası iletişimi yeniden kurma stratejileri.
İnme Sonrası Depresyon (Post-Stroke Depression, PSD): Afazili bireylerde %70’e ulaşır; tedavi sonuçlarını ve yaşam kalitesini doğrudan etkiler.
İnsidans (Incidence): Belirli bir zaman diliminde (genellikle yıllık) yeni vaka sayısı.
iPad Self-Therapy: Stark & Warburton 2018; kronik afazide günde 20 dk iPad öz-terapinin pilot crossover RCT kanıtı.
İpucu Hiyerarşisi (Cueing Hierarchy): Semantik → fonemik → ortografik (yazılı) ipucu kademesi; bağımsız üretim için kademeli destek.
İskemik İnme (Ischemic Stroke): Damar tıkanması sonucu beyin dokusunun kansız kalması; tüm inmelerin ~%85’i.

J7 terms

JASPER Intervention: An evidence-based early developmental intervention approach targeting joint attention, symbolic play, and emotion regulation skills.
JMIR: Journal of Medical Internet Research; dijital sağlık alanının lider dergisi.
Joint Attention: An individual's sharing of attention with another person toward the same object or event; an early social communication skill coordinated through gaze, gestures, and verbal expressions.
Joint Attention Deficit: The absence or delay of coordinated attention behaviors such as eye contact, pointing, and gaze following in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Joint Custody: An arrangement in which custody is exercised jointly by both parents following divorce.
JSLHR: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A group of diseases in children under 16 years of age, characterized by chronic joint inflammation lasting at least 6 weeks, with no fully identified cause.

K17 terms

Karmaşık Kelime Kitabı: Mariam Kavakcı; 100 karmaşık sözcük + resim kart seti; SFA için tasarlanmış (Detay Yayın 2021).
Karmaşıklık Etkisi (Complexity Effect): Karmaşık yapıların öğretiminin daha basit yapılara genelleme sağlaması — TUF’un teorik temeli.
Katodal tDCS (Cathodal tDCS): Negatif elektrotun kortikal eksitabiliteyi azalttığı tDCS uygulaması; sağ homotipik alana inhibisyon amaçlı kullanılabilir.
Katz ADL Index: A scale that assesses independence in six basic activities of daily living; used to determine care needs.
Kinesthetic Perception: Information derived from proprioceptive senses regarding the position and movement of body parts.
Kişisel Sağlık Verileri Hakkında Yönetmelik: 21 Haziran 2019, RG 30808; sağlık verisi işlemenin özel kuralları.
Konduksiyon Afazisi (Conduction Aphasia): Akıcı konuşma, anlama korunmuş, tekrar belirgin biçimde bozuk; fonemik parafaziler tipiktir. Lezyon: Arkuat fasikül, supramarjinal girus.
Konfrontasyonel Adlandırma (Confrontation Naming): Görsel uyarıcının (resim) sözel adının üretilmesi.
Konuşma Apraksisi (Apraxia of Speech, AOS): Konuşmanın motor planlama ve programlama bozukluğu; söylenmek isteneni bilmesine rağmen ses ve hece üretiminde bozulma. Afazi DEĞİLDİR; sıklıkla eşlik eder.
KPI (Key Performance Indicator / Anahtar Performans Göstergesi): Hedeflere ilerlemeyi ölçen metrik.
Kronik Faz (Chronic Phase): 6 ay sonrası; spontan iyileşme yavaşlar, terapi etkisi belirleyicidir.
Kronobiyoloji Çapraz Eksen: Sirkadiyen ritmin rehabilitasyon planlamasına entegre edilmesi.
Kullanılabilirlik Testi (Usability Testing): Hedef kullanıcılarla ürünün kullanılabilirliğinin sistematik değerlendirilmesi.
Kurumsal Üye / Bireysel Üye: DKTD ve diğer derneklerde kurum (klinik, üniversite) ve birey üyelik kategorileri.
KVKK (Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu): 6698 sayılı Kanun; Türkiye’nin kişisel veri koruma çatı yasası.
KVKK Article 6 – Special Categories of Personal Data: A category of data requiring special protection under Turkish Personal Data Protection Law No. 6698 (KVKK), including health, sexual life, biometric, and genetic data.
KWL Strategy: A reading comprehension strategy in which what is already known before reading, what is wanted to be learned, and what has been learned after reading are recorded in a chart.

L25 terms

Language Disorder: A disorder observed in vocabulary, sentence structure, and discourse skills that affects verbal and/or written communication.
Language Sample Analysis: Analysis of a speech sample obtained in a natural context using measures such as mean length of utterance and type diversity.
Laryngeal Massage: A therapy technique based on the manual relaxation of the muscles surrounding the larynx, used in functional voice disorders.
Laryngectomy: Surgical removal of the larynx, usually due to cancer; requires alaryngeal speech methods.
Late Talkers: Children who produce fewer than 50 words at 24 months of age or cannot form two-word sentences, but are developing normally in all other developmental areas.
LEA Symbols Test: A chart with simple symbols used to assess visual acuity in young children who cannot yet recognize letters.
Learned Helplessness: A motivational pattern resulting in an individual's avoidance of effort following repeated experiences of failure.
Least Restrictive Environment: The principle of selecting the educational setting in which the individual can be together with peers who are not affected by disability to the greatest extent possible and where their needs can be best met.
Legal Blindness: The legal definition of an individual whose corrected visual acuity is less than 20/200 or whose visual field is narrower than 20 degrees.
Leiter International Performance Scale: A performance-based intelligence test that requires no verbal instructions and is largely free from linguistic and cultural influences.
Letters-Colors-Numbers Board: Temel sembol gruplarını içeren çoklu-amaçlı başlangıç AAC panosu.
Lexikon / Sözlük (Lexicon): Bir konuşmacının zihinsel sözcük deposu.
Lifetime License (Yaşam Boyu Lisans): Tek seferlik ödeme ile sınırsız süreli kullanım hakkı (örn. Spoken AAC $249,99).
Lila Özel Eğitim v4.5: e-rehabilitasyon’un yerini aldığı eski ASP.NET WebForms tabanlı sistem.
Lindamood-Bell Programs: A phonological and visualization-based instructional package consisting of sub-programs such as LiPS, Seeing Stars, and Visualizing/Verbalizing.
Ling 6 Sound Test: A brief sound test using the sounds /a, i, u, sh, s, m/ to quickly check whether an individual using a hearing aid or cochlear implant can detect the frequencies of everyday speech.
Lingraphica: TalkPath Therapy + SmallTalk uygulamaları; AAC cihaz satışı; ücretsiz uygulama erişimi.
Lip Reading: The skill of understanding spoken sounds by observing the movements of the lips, tongue, face, and body.
Liquid Consistency Levels: A framework that standardizes the consistency of liquids and foods at an international level for individuals with swallowing difficulties.
Logopenik Varyant PPA (Logopenic Variant PPA, lvPPA): Sözcük bulma güçlüğü, cümle tekrarlama ve anlama bozuk, fonolojik disleksi/disgrafi. Atrofi: Sol temporoparyetal bileşke. Patoloji: Çoğunlukla Alzheimer (>%80).
Logore (Logorrhea): Aşırı, kontrolsüz konuşma akışı (taşkın konuşma).
Long-Term Care: Care provided to individuals with ongoing disabilities over months or years, encompassing physical, psychosocial, and medical support.
Low Vision: An individual who can use their remaining vision; whose corrected visual acuity ranges between 20/70 and 20/400.
LTV (Lifetime Value / Yaşam Boyu Değer): Bir müşterinin işletmeye toplam getireceği gelir.
LTV/CAC Oranı: Sağlıklı SaaS işletmesi için ≥3, ideal ≥4.

M74 terms

M-CHAT-R/F: A brief 20-item screening tool administered to families to identify the risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children aged 16 to 30 months.
M-MAT (Multi-Modality Aphasia Therapy): Çoklu modalite (sözel, jest, yazı, çizim) afazi terapisi; M-MAT Tele uzaktan sürümü.
M-MAT Tele: M-MAT’ın telerehabilitasyon adaptasyonu; Rose ve ark.
Macular Degeneration: A disease caused by the deterioration of the macula at the center of the retina, resulting in central vision loss while peripheral vision is preserved.
Magnification Software: Software that enlarges on-screen content to the desired magnification level (e.g., ZoomText, SuperNova).
Mainstreaming / Inclusive Education: A practice based on the principle that individuals with special needs participate in educational activities alongside their peers without disabilities in general education settings, strengthened by individualized support services.
Maintenance: The continuation of a previously taught skill or behavior over time after instruction has ended.
Maintenance (Sürdürme): Tedavi sonrası kazanımın belirli bir süre korunup korunmadığının takip ölçümlerle değerlendirilmesi.
Major Depressive Disorder: A disorder characterized by depressive mood, loss of interest, and low energy lasting for at least two weeks.
Malnutrition: A condition that develops due to inadequate or unbalanced nutrition, negatively affecting the immune system, muscle function, and recovery.
Marketplace (Pazaryeri): Çoklu satıcının ürünlerini sattığı dijital platform.
Marketplace Komisyon (Marketplace Commission): Pazaryeri platformunun satıcıdan aldığı yüzdelik kesinti (tipik %15-30).
Marriage Counseling: A structured service provided to married couples to strengthen their relationship, manage conflicts, and develop joint decision-making mechanisms.
Masking in Girls: The concealment of social difficulties by girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) through peer imitation and learned behaviors; can lead to delayed diagnosis and mental health problems.
Massed Practice (Yoğun Pratik): Kısa zaman diliminde yoğunlaştırılmış terapi; ILAT/CIAT temelidir.
Math Anxiety: A condition in which intense worry about mathematical tasks affects working memory and reduces performance.
Mathematical Reasoning: The process of analyzing mathematical situations, generalizing, justifying, and solving problems.
Mean Length of Utterance: The average number of morphemes in a child's utterances; a quantitative indicator of early language development.
MEB / MEBBiS: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı; özel eğitim merkezleri MEBBiS sistemi üzerinden yönetilir.
MEB Family Education Program: Comprehensive family education modules conducted by the Ministry of National Education (MEB), targeting families of children aged 0–18 years.
MEBBİS: The official information system of the Turkish Ministry of National Education (MEB), used to manage data on students, personnel, institutions, and invoices.
Mechanical Ventilation (Home Type): A device that provides continuous or intermittent respiratory support to individuals with respiratory failure in a home environment.
Mediation: A method in which a neutral third party guides conflicting parties to reach a mutually acceptable solution.
Medical Waste Management: The safe collection and disposal of sharp, piercing, and infected materials generated during home care.
Medication Adherence: The level at which an individual maintains medication use in accordance with physician instructions.
Medication Cabinet Review: Regular examination of all medications used by an individual by a physician/pharmacist in terms of appropriateness and safety.
Medication Management: The process of administering medications at the correct time, dose, and route, monitoring side effects, and reviewing drug interactions.
MEGEP (Mesleki Eğitim ve Öğretim Sisteminin Güçlendirilmesi Projesi): MEB’in mesleki eğitim modülleri arşivi; “Dil ve Konuşma Bozuklukları” gibi serbest erişimli modülleri içerir.
Menière's Disease: A disease characterized by episodes of rotary vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss, caused by a disturbance in the fluid balance of the inner ear.
Mental Age: The age value corresponding to an individual's mental performance; matching the average performance of peers of the same chronological age.
Mesajı Dışarı Çıkarma (Getting the Message Out): Evet/hayır soruları, çoktan seçmeli, yazılı/görsel destek sunma.
Mesajı Doğrulama (Verifying the Message): Özetleme, geri yansıtma, anlaşıldığını teyit etme.
Mesajı İçeri Alma (Getting the Message In): Yavaş konuşma, basit cümleler, anahtar sözcüklerin yazılması, jest/görsel destek.
Metacognitive Strategy: Higher-order thinking skills that enable an individual to become aware of, plan, and monitor their own learning processes.
Metalinguistic Approach: An approach that aims to help individuals structure language by enhancing their ability to consciously reflect on the phonological, lexical, and syntactic properties of language.
MIT (Melodik Tonlama Terapisi / Melodic Intonation Therapy): Albert, Sparks & Helm (1973). Sözel ifadelerin müzikal/ritmik tonlama ve tempolu el vuruşuyla “şarkılaştırılarak” üretilmesi. Akıcı olmayan ağır Broca ve nfvPPA için. Zumbansen 2022 meta-analizi.
MIT Lisansı: İzin verici açık kaynak yazılım lisansı; ticari kullanıma izin verir, sorumluluk reddi içerir.
MIT-Sentence (Modified MIT): MIT’in cümle düzeyinde modifiye edilmiş varyantı.
Microcephaly: A condition in which the head circumference is more than two standard deviations below age- and sex-specific norms; often associated with intellectual disability.
Mid-Frequency Hearing Loss: A hearing loss pattern characterized by prominent loss in the mid-frequencies with relatively preserved hearing in the low and high frequencies, forming a bell-shaped (cookie-bite) curve on the audiogram.
Mikst Transkortikal Afazi (Mixed Transcortical Aphasia): Akıcılık ve anlama bozuk, tekrar paradoksal olarak korunmuş (“izolasyon sendromu”). Lezyon: Sınır bölgesi (watershed) infarktları.
Milan School: An Italian-origin systemic approach based on circular questioning, hypothesis development, and the principle of neutrality.
Mild Intellectual Disability: A group that can acquire basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills to a certain level and is able to maintain an independent life with limited support.
Mind Express (Jabbla): 61.000+ sembollü ticari AAC platformu; Türkçe arayüz ve sesli geri bildirim destekli.
Mindfulness (Conscious Awareness): The skill of directing attention to the present moment with a non-judgmental and accepting attitude.
Minimal Word Pairs: Word pairs that differ in meaning by only a single phoneme (e.g., cat-bat); frequently used in phonological therapy.
Miracle Question: In solution-focused therapy; a question about how life would look if a miracle occurred and the problem disappeared entirely.
Misophonia: A condition in which specific sounds (such as chewing, clicking, etc.) trigger strong emotional and physiological responses; a form of sensory hypersensitivity associated with tinnitus.
Mixed Hearing Loss: A condition in which both conductive and sensorineural hearing losses are present simultaneously.
MLSE (Mini Linguistic State Examination): PPA varyantlarını ayırt etmek için geliştirilmiş kısa, hassas test.
MMPI: A multidimensional, widely used personality inventory designed to assess personality traits and psychopathology.
Moderate Intellectual Disability: A group capable of acquiring functional academic skills, self-care, and basic vocational skills, requiring moderate support in daily life.
Morfoloji (Morphology): Sözcük yapısı; Türkçe sondan eklemeli (agglutinative) bir dildir.
Morphemic Analysis: The process of breaking words down into their roots and affixes to determine meaning; a key reading strategy especially in agglutinative languages such as Turkish.
Morphological Awareness: The ability to recognize and derive meaning from the root, affix, and derivational structures of words.
Morphology: The field of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words, including root and affix systems.
Motivational Interviewing: A collaborative interviewing method aimed at enhancing motivation for change, particularly in individuals who show resistance to behavioral change.
Motor Rehabilitation with VR: Improvement of motor learning, balance, and upper extremity functions through goal-oriented tasks presented in virtual environments.
Muasser Apraxia of Speech: A childhood speech disorder characterized by difficulties in inter-syllabic transitions and consistency due to motor planning impairment.
Mulberry Symbols: Garry Paxton tarafından yetişkin afaziye uygun olarak tasarlanan ~3.000 SVG sembolden oluşan açık kütüphane; CC BY-SA 2.0 UK lisansı.
Multi-Tiered Support System: A holistic model that provides students with support of increasing intensity and specificity (Tier 1-2-3) based on their academic and behavioral needs.
Multidisciplinary Team: A team model in which professionals from different fields of expertise (special education teacher, psychologist, speech-language therapist, physiotherapist, physician, etc.) collaboratively conduct assessment and decision-making processes.
MultiPic (BCBL): Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language; 750 normalize çizim, 6 Avrupa dili normu; Snodgrass-Vanderwart’a modern alternatif (Duñabeitia ve ark.).
Multiple Disability / Combined Vision and Hearing Loss (Deaf-Blindness): A condition in which both vision and hearing are simultaneously impaired to a degree that affects education and communication.
Multiple Sclerosis (Pediatric): A chronic neurological disease characterized by demyelination of the myelin sheaths in the central nervous system, which can cause motor, sensory, and cognitive impairments.
Multisensory Teaching: A teaching practice in which visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile channels are used together.
Muscle Tone: The level of involuntary tension present in muscles at rest.
Muscular Dystrophy: A group of hereditary muscle diseases that cause progressive weakness and deterioration of the skeletal muscles.
Music Therapy: Therapy that targets emotional, cognitive, and social goals through the active (playing, singing) and receptive (listening) use of music.
Mutizm (Mutism): Konuşmama; ağır akut afazi başlangıcında geçici olabilir.
MVO (Minimum Viable Offline / Asgari Yaşayabilir Çevrimdışı): İnternet bağlantısı olmadan çalışabilen çekirdek özellik seti.
MVP (Minimum Viable Product / Asgari Yaşayabilir Ürün): Pazara çıkarılabilecek en küçük işlevsel ürün.
My Aphasia Coach: Bağımsız SLP geliştiricisi; tek seferlik 9,99$.
Myasthenia Gravis: A disease causing fluctuating muscle weakness and rapid fatigue due to autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.

N25 terms

Naming Card Set (Adlandırma Kart Seti): Konfrontasyonel adlandırma için hazırlanmış, frekans/somutluk/hece sayısı kontrollü resim kart koleksiyonu.
Narrative Skills: The ability to recount events using an introduction-development-conclusion structure while maintaining cause-and-effect relationships.
Narrative Therapy: An approach developed by White and Epston in which problems are separated from the individual's identity and transformed through re-authored stories.
Native Sign Language: The sign language naturally acquired by individuals who are children of deaf families, possessing a complete grammatical system.
Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions: A group of interventions that combine developmental principles with behavioral methods in natural environments, based on the child's interests.
NAVS (Northwestern Assessment of Verbs and Sentences): Thompson laboratuvarı; fiil argüman yapısı ve cümle anlama değerlendirmesi.
Nemeth Braille Mathematics: A system adapted for representing mathematical and scientific notations in Braille, featuring specialized symbol rules.
Net Promoter Score: A satisfaction indicator that measures users' tendency to recommend a product to their close ones on a 0-10 scale, summarized between -100 and +100.
Neural Tube Defect: A group of congenital anomalies resulting from defects in the closure of the neural tube during early pregnancy (anencephaly, spina bifida).
Neuropsychological Assessment: The process of evaluating attention, memory, executive function, language, and visuospatial skills using standardized tests.
Newborn Hearing Screening: A universal screening program conducted in the first days after birth to enable early identification of hearing loss.
NIBS (Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation / Non-İnvaziv Beyin Stimülasyonu): TMS, tDCS, tACS gibi kafatası dışından uygulanan beyin stimülasyon yöntemlerinin şemsiye terimi; afazide adjuvan tedavi olarak araştırılır (Frontiers 2025 Adjuvant Techniques).
NIDCD: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIH/USA).
Norm-Referenced Assessment: A type of evaluation in which an individual's performance is compared to the average of peers at the same age or grade level.
Normalization Principle: The principle advocating that the living conditions of individuals with special needs should be as close as possible to the life patterns of their typically developing peers.
Noun Project: CC BY lisansı altında milyonlarca ikon sunan, klinik çalışma kâğıtları için uygun ücretsiz/ücretli kaynak.
Nörolog (Neurologist): Beyin ve sinir sistemi hastalıkları uzmanı; afazi tanısının birincil sorumlusu.
Nöroplastisite (Neuroplasticity): Beynin yapısal ve işlevsel değişim kapasitesi; afazi rehabilitasyonunun teorik temeli.
NPS (Net Promoter Score): Müşteri tavsiye eğilimi ölçütü; -100 ile +100 arası.
Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme: A hierarchical and intensive motor-based speech therapy program designed for childhood apraxia of speech.
Number Line Estimation: The task of estimating the position of a given number on a number line; it is a strong indicator of number sense.
Number Sense: Intuitive understanding of the magnitude, relationships, and operation results of numbers.
Nursing Home: An institution that provides a communal living environment for elderly individuals, where their social, physical, and psychological needs are met.
Nutritional Assessment: Determination of an individual's energy, protein, and micronutrient requirements through measurements and dietary history.
Nystagmus: A condition characterized by involuntary, rhythmic, and repetitive movements of the eyes.

O21 terms

OANB (Object and Action Naming Battery): Druks & Masterson; 162 nesne + 100 eylem normalize çizim seti; verb-naming değerlendirmesinde standart.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A disorder characterized by unwanted intrusive thoughts and repetitive compulsions aimed at suppressing them.
Occupational Therapy: A professional discipline based on adaptation and skill development, aimed at increasing an individual's independence in daily living, self-care, work, and leisure activities.
Open Symbols: Mulberry, ARASAAC, Sclera, OpenMoji vb. açık lisanslı setlerin 50.000-60.000+ semboldan tek pencerede aranmasını sağlayan dizin (opensymbols.org).
OpenMoji: 4.000+ açık emoji (renkli + outline); duygu ve his panoları için CC BY-SA 4.0 lisanslı kaynak.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder: A childhood behavioral disorder characterized by prominent irritability, argumentative/defiant attitude, and vindictiveness.
Optical Assistive Devices: Devices that optically support vision, such as magnifiers, binoculars, and telescopic glasses.
Optical Character Recognition: Software technology that converts printed text into digital format, enabling it to be read aloud or in Braille.
Oral-Postural Development Relationship: A clinical pattern in which improvements in trunk and head control progress simultaneously with the functioning of oral muscles, feeding, and speech skills.
ORGM (Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü): MEB bünyesinde özel eğitim ve rehberlik politikalarını yöneten genel müdürlük; “Dil ve Konuşma Bozukluğu Olan Bireyler için Destek Eğitim Programı”nı yayımlar.
ORLA (Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia): Yüksek sesle okuma terapisi; akıcılık ve genel dil performansı için.
ORLA Detail (Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia): Cherney; koro okuma ve solo okuma adımlarını içeren yapılandırılmış sesli okuma protokolü.
Orta Serebral Arter (Middle Cerebral Artery, MCA): Sol perisilvian alanı sulayan ana arter; bu arterin tıkanması global afaziye sebep olur.
Orthosis: An external support device used to support, align, or guide the movement of a body part (e.g., AFO, KAFO).
Orthostatic Positioning: A device that supports the individual in an upright standing position against gravity, promoting bone density, digestion, and joint health.
Orton-Gillingham Approach: A multisensory, systematic, and cumulative phonics-based reading and writing instruction approach designed for individuals with dyslexia.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A hereditary disease caused by a disorder in collagen production that leads to easily fractured bones.
Otoacoustic Emission: An objective hearing screening test based on recording sounds produced by the outer hair cells of the cochlea.
Otoscopy: Visual examination of the external ear canal and eardrum using an otoscope.
Ototoxicity: The toxic effect of drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics and platinum derivatives on the inner ear, leading to hearing loss.
Oxygen Concentrator: A device that concentrates oxygen from ambient air and delivers it to the individual; used to provide home oxygen therapy for chronic respiratory diseases.

Ö2 terms

Özel Eğitim ve Rehabilitasyon Merkezi: MEB onaylı, engelli bireylere bireysel ve grup destek eğitimi sunan merkezler.
Özel Nitelikli Kişisel Veri (Sensitive Personal Data): KVKK 6. madde; sağlık verileri bu kategoride; açık rıza zorunlu.

P103 terms

PACE (Promoting Aphasic’s Communicative Effectiveness): Davis & Wilcox; sıralı bilgi alışverişi temelli pragmatik yaklaşım; klinisyen ve hastanın iletişim eşitliği vurgulanır.
PACE (Promoting Aphasic’s Communicative Effectiveness): Davis & Wilcox; iletişimsel etkinliği artırmaya yönelik pragmatik yaklaşım.
Pain Assessment: Determination of an individual's pain level and characteristics using numerical, facial expression-based, or behavior-based scales.
Pain Scale Visual (Görsel Ağrı Ölçeği): SmallTalk Pain Scale gibi; sayı + yüz ifadesi + renk kombinasyonuyla afazili bireyin ağrı şiddetini bildirebileceği görsel.
Painful Hip Dislocation: A hip deformity that develops due to muscle imbalance in cerebral palsy, leading to pain, difficulty sitting, and challenges in caregiving.
Paired Reading: A technique in which the child reads the same text aloud together with an adult, aimed at developing reading fluency and self-confidence.
Palliative Care: A multidisciplinary care approach focused on controlling pain and symptoms and improving the quality of life of individuals with life-threatening illnesses.
Panic Disorder: A disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and persistent anxiety about their consequences.
Paradoxical Demand: A technique based on increasing resistance and the likelihood of change by asking the individual to intentionally maintain the problem.
Parafazi (Paraphasia): Hedef sözcük yerine yanlış sözcüğün üretilmesi; semantik (anlam-yakın), fonemik (ses-yakın) ve neolojistik (uyduruk sözcük) alt türleri vardır.
Paragramatizm (Paragrammatism): Hatalı dilbilgisel yapıda akıcı konuşma; çoğunlukla Wernicke afazisinde.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: An evidence-based therapy for behavioral problems in which the parent-child interaction is positively restructured through live coaching methods.
Parental Burnout: A syndrome in parents characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, loss of fulfillment in the parental role, and feelings of ineffectiveness, resulting from a prolonged caregiving burden.
Parental Custody: The exercise by a parent of the rights and obligations relating to the care, education, and representation of a minor.
Parental Self-Efficacy: A parent's belief in their ability to successfully fulfill their guiding and regulatory role in relation to their child's development and behaviors.
Parentification: A situation in which a child is compelled to assume a parental role in an age-inappropriate manner; it may have emotional or instrumental dimensions.
Partial Participation: A principle that ensures an individual who cannot fully perform an activity independently can still meaningfully participate in at least part of it through appropriate adaptations.
ParticiPics: Aphasia Institute (Toronto) tarafından sağlanan, yetişkin afaziye odaklı arama yapılabilir piktograf bankası; klinik kullanım için ücretsiz.
Passive Behavior Analysis: Monitoring the user's digital application usage patterns (login frequency, response time, cancellation clustering, etc.) as an indicator of mental state without requiring active surveys.
Patient Lift: A device that enables the safe lifting and transfer of an individual who cannot move independently, using a mechanical sling.
Patient Rights: Rights that an individual holds when utilizing health services, such as the right to be informed, to give consent, to privacy, to choose treatment, and to file complaints.
PCA (Fonolojik Bileşen Analizi / Phonological Components Analysis): SFA’nın fonolojik karşılığı: ilk fonem, kafiye, hece sayısı, son fonem, eş anlamlı sözcük üretimi. Leonard, Rochon & Laird (2008).
PCS (Picture Communication Symbols): Tobii Dynavox’un 45.000+ standart AAC sembolünden oluşan ticari kütüphanesi; Boardmaker yazılımı içinde Türkçe arayüzle dağıtılır.
Peer Support Groups: A structure in which individuals with similar experiences come together for mutual solidarity and knowledge sharing.
Peer-Assisted Instruction: An approach in which typically developing peers are engaged in the educational process in a modeling or supportive role.
Pekiştirme Modülü: Destek Eğitim Programı içinde edinilen becerinin sürdürülmesini ve genelleştirilmesini hedefleyen modül.
Pendred Syndrome: An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss and thyroid gland anomalies (goiter).
Performance Level: The current level of competency demonstrated by an individual in a specific skill or behavior prior to the onset of instruction.
Perilezyonel Alan (Perilesional Area): Lezyona komşu, henüz hasarlanmamış doku.
Perisilvian Dil Ağı (Perisylvian Language Network): Sylvian fissürü çevreleyen, dil işlevinin temellendiği kortikal alan.
Person-Centered Care: An approach in which care is planned and delivered based on the individual's values, preferences, and life history.
Person-Centered Planning: Planning supports together with the individual based on their own strengths, preferences, dreams, and life goals.
Personal Dictionary (Kişisel Sözlük): Hastanın günlük yaşamında ihtiyaç duyduğu, kişiselleştirilmiş sözcük + foto + tetikleyici cümle koleksiyonu.
Personal Protective Equipment: Materials such as gloves, masks, aprons, and goggles that ensure the protection of the caregiver and the individual.
Personality Disorders: Enduring patterns in an individual's thinking, emotions, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control that create dysfunction across multiple contexts.
Pexels / Unsplash / Pixabay / Freepik: Adlandırma ve sahne betimleme görevlerinde kullanılan, ticari kullanıma açık ücretsiz fotoğraf bankaları (Türkçe arama desteği değişkendir).
Phenylketonuria: A metabolic disorder in which the amino acid phenylalanine cannot be metabolized, leading to its accumulation, which affects the central nervous system and causes intellectual disability.
Phoneme Awareness: The ability to recognize, isolate, and blend the smallest sound units (phonemes) that make up words.
Phoneme Normalization (Fonem Normalizasyonu): Afazili konuşmadaki sistematik fonemik substitüsyonların hedef fonemlere haritalanması; ASR doğruluğunu artırma tekniği.
Phoneme Video: SmallTalk Phonemes gibi; tek tek fonem üretiminin ağız hareketleriyle gösterildiği video; apraksi/ağır afazi pratiği için.
Phonological Awareness: The ability to recognize and work with the sound structure of spoken language (syllables, rhymes, phonemes).
Phonological Disorder: A disorder observed in the learning of the sound patterns of language, characterized by the substitution of sounds through irregular processes.
Phonology: The field that studies the system of sounds in a language and the rules governing the arrangement of these sounds.
Physical Disability: A condition characterized by persistent difficulties in movement, posture, and performing daily living activities due to disorders of the musculoskeletal, nervous, or internal organ systems.
Physiotherapy: A discipline that uses exercise, manual techniques, and physical agents to prevent, improve, and develop movement and functional disorders.
Picto Selector: 28.000+ piktogram, 67 dil destekli, Windows/Mac üzerinde çalışan ücretsiz pano oluşturucu; Türkçe etiket dahil.
Pictographic Communication Resources (PCR): Aphasia Institute tarafından klinik konuşmalarda kullanılan piktografik kart-set sistemi.
Picture Description Scene (Resim Betimleme Sahnesi): Bağlantılı söylem değerlendirme/terapisi için kullanılan, çoklu nesne ve eylem içeren karmaşık resim (Cookie Theft, Picnic Scene, Storyset sahneleri).
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS): A system in which individuals with limited verbal communication learn to communicate their wants and feelings by handing visual symbols to their communication partner.
Pidgin Sign: A form of communication that develops as a compromise between elements of the local sign language and spoken language, characterized by a mixed grammar.
Pivotal Response Training: A naturalistic teaching method that targets pivotal behaviors such as motivation, responding to multiple cues, self-management, and social initiation.
PKT (Planlanmış Kazanım Takibi): Özel eğitim seans kayıt sistemi.
Play Task: Structured tasks assigned outside of therapy sessions to facilitate the transfer of skills learned in therapy to daily life.
Play Therapy: A therapeutic approach in which a child's emotions and problems are understood and addressed through play, which serves as the child's natural means of expression.
Poliomyelitis: An infectious disease caused by poliovirus infection that damages the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, presenting with asymmetric flaccid paralysis.
Polypharmacy: The simultaneous use of multiple medications by an individual; the risk of drug interactions and side effects is high.
Positioning: Regular repositioning of an individual in bed or wheelchair to maintain postural balance and prevent complications.
Positive Behavioral Support: A multi-tiered intervention framework based on behavioral principles that proactively teaches and supports positive behaviors across the entire school.
Positive Discipline: An approach that supports the child's self-management skills and provides guidance through respectful and consistent boundaries.
Positive Parenting: A contemporary parenting approach that emphasizes guidance, setting boundaries, and positive reinforcement rather than punishment.
Post-School Transition Crisis: The structural gap experienced by young people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) after the age of 18, caused by the reduction of support services during the transition to education, employment, and social life.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A disorder characterized by re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions, and hyperarousal following a traumatic event.
Power of Attorney: A legal document that formally authorizes a person to make health, financial, or legal decisions on behalf of an individual.
Practical Skills: Applied adaptive skills encompassing self-care, safety, work, transportation, health, and daily living activities.
Prader-Willi Syndrome: A genetic syndrome caused by a deletion in the paternal region of chromosome 15, characterized by insatiable hunger (hyperphagia), a tendency toward obesity, and mild to moderate intellectual disability.
Pragmatics: The field that studies the use of language in social contexts, communication rules, and speech acts.
Pragmatik (Pragmatics): Dilin bağlamsal kullanımı.
Pre-Marital Counseling: Preventive counseling in which couples address areas of expectations, communication, and compatibility prior to making the decision to marry.
Preliminary Assessment: An initial screening conducted before developing the Individualized Education Program (IEP) to determine the individual's general performance across instructional areas.
Prerequisite Skill: The foundational skill that must already be present in an individual in order for the target skill to be taught.
Presbycusis: Age-related sensorineural hearing loss that is particularly pronounced at high frequencies.
Pressure Ulcer: A pressure-induced wound that develops in the skin and underlying tissues due to remaining in the same position for an extended period of time.
Pressure Ulcer Prevention: A set of proactive practices including repositioning every two hours, use of air mattresses, skin care, and nutritional support.
Prevalans (Prevalence): Belirli bir zamanda toplam vaka sayısı (yeni + eski).
Primer Progresif Afazi (Primary Progressive Aphasia, PPA): Mesulam’ın tanımladığı, dil işlevinin görece izole biçimde progresif bozulduğu nörodejeneratif sendrom; demans alt-tipi.
Primitive Reflexes: Reflexes that appear during infancy and are expected to disappear at certain months; their persistence indicates atypical processes in motor development.
Privacy: Protection of an individual's personal health and life information, and respect for personal boundaries in care and support practices.
Probe (Sonda): Periyodik ölçüm; ev egzersizi sürecinde tedavi edilen ve edilmeyen sözcüklerin doğruluğunu izlemek için.
Problem-Focused Coping: A coping style that aims to resolve the problem by directly intervening in the source of stress.
Procedural Fluency: The ability to perform basic arithmetic operations accurately, quickly, and flexibly.
Processing Speed: The ability to perform simple cognitive tasks quickly and accurately.
Profound Intellectual Disability: A group characterized by the co-occurrence of multiple disabilities, requiring continuous care and support in all areas of life.
Projective Tests: Tools used to evaluate an individual's inner world based on their responses to ambiguous stimuli, such as the Rorschach, TAT, and CAT.
Proloquo2Go: AssistiveWare; AAC standartı; çoklu dil sembol kütüphanesi.
Prompt: Verbal, visual, model, or physical assistance provided before or during the presentation of a skill to enable the individual to produce a correct response.
Prompt Fading: The systematic reduction of the amount, frequency, and intensity of prompts provided in order to increase an individual's independence.
PROMPT Technique: An approach in which the therapist shapes speech movements by guiding the individual's oral structures through tactile, kinesthetic, and proprioceptive cues.
Proprioception: The sense of perceiving the position of body parts in space through information received from receptors located in joints, muscles, and tendons.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: A therapy technique that uses complex movement patterns aimed at improving muscle flexibility, strength, and coordination by stimulating proprioceptors.
Prosody: The totality of rhythm, stress, intonation, and melody features in speech and reading.
Prosthesis: An artificial organ used to partially or fully assume the function of a lost limb.
Proto-declarative Pointing: The child's act of pointing to an object solely for the purpose of sharing attention with others; an early social behavior that often fails to develop in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Proto-Imperative Pointing: A child's gesture of pointing to obtain a desired object; typically emerges earlier in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Proxy Access System: A structure that enables legal representatives to access the accounts of minors or individuals with limited legal capacity in a supervised manner.
Pseudonymization: The masking of personal data in such a way that its relationship with identity information can be re-established only through a separately stored key.
Psikoeducation: Aileye depresyon, bakıcı yorgunluğu, sosyal izolasyon gibi konularda eğitim.
Psychoeducation: Structured, educational transmission of information to an individual or family about a mental health condition, diagnosis, or coping strategies.
Psychological Counseling: A support process conducted under the guidance of a mental health professional to address difficulties related to an individual's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
Psychological First Aid: Initial psychosocial support provided following a traumatic event, focusing on the individual's basic needs, safety, and emotional stabilization.
Psychological Resilience: The capacity of an individual facing difficulties to recover, adapt, and grow.
Psychological Test: An instrument administered and scored under standardized conditions that quantitatively measures specific psychological characteristics.
Psychosomatic Disorder: Conditions in which psychological factors play a significant role in the onset and persistence of physical symptoms or illness.
Psychotic Disorders: Disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and behavior, primarily schizophrenia, in which the ability to accurately perceive and assess reality is impaired.

Q3 terms

QAB (Quick Aphasia Battery): Wilson ve ark. 2018; 15 dakikalık ücretsiz batarya + normlar; akut bakımda WAB-R’a alternatif.
Quadriplegia: A paralysis condition in which all four extremities are affected.
Quality of Life: The individual's assessment of their physical, emotional, social, and environmental well-being from their own perspective.

R45 terms

Rainbow Words: Frequently encountered words that are expected to be recognized and read directly rather than decoded; words that contribute to reading fluency.
Raised/Tactile Material: Raised versions of maps, graphics, and images produced so that they can be perceived through touch.
RAM (Rehberlik ve Araştırma Merkezi): MEB’e bağlı, özel eğitim ihtiyacı olan bireylerin eğitsel değerlendirmesini ve yönlendirmesini yapan il/ilçe merkezleri.
RAM Report (Guidance and Research Center Report): An educational assessment report issued by the Guidance and Research Center (RAM) that documents the entitlement to benefit from special education services.
Ramp: An inclined accessibility arrangement that can be used instead of stairs at entrances and exits.
Rapid Automatized Naming: The fastest possible naming of familiar objects, colors, letters, or numbers; a strong predictor of reading fluency.
RAT (Resim Adlandırma Testi): Türkçe yetişkin afazili ve sağlıklı bireylerde adlandırma testi; kesim 44, 247 sağlıklı + 35 afazili (Aphasiology 2026).
RCSLT: Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (UK).
RCT (Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma / Randomized Controlled Trial): Klinik etkililik kanıtının altın standardı.
RDI: A family-centered program aimed at developing flexible thinking and relationship skills in children by sharing dynamic intelligence with parents.
Re-authoring: In narrative therapy; the process of rewriting the problem-dominated story with an alternative life story that includes alternative and empowering resources.
Reading Age: The age value corresponding to an individual's reading performance; matching the average reading level of their same-age peers.
Reading Comprehension: The process of constructing meaning by grasping lexical, sentential, and textual relationships within a text.
Reading Delay in Deaf Students: A commonly observed delay in reading and written language development among deaf students, associated with limited early language exposure.
Reading Fluency: Reading a text accurately, at an appropriate pace, and with prosody (stress and intonation).
Reading Passage (Adapted): Afazi-dostu format kurallarına göre kısaltılmış, basitleştirilmiş okuma metni.
Real-Time Captioning: The simultaneous transcription of spoken words into text displayed on a screen in environments such as conferences and lectures.
Reasonable Accommodation: Adjustments made to enable individuals with special needs to participate in education, employment, and society, without imposing a disproportionate burden.
Receptive Language: An individual's ability to understand and interpret spoken and written language.
Reframing: The therapeutic replacement of the negative meaning attributed to a behavior or situation with a different, functional meaning.
Regression of Acquired Skills: The loss of previously acquired language, social, or motor skills over a specific period of time.
Reinforcement Schedule: A plan that determines the frequency or rate at which a reinforcer is delivered following a target behavior (continuous, fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, etc.).
Reinforcer: A stimulus or consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring in the future.
Relaxation Techniques: Practices aimed at reducing anxiety and stress levels, such as diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and guided imagery.
RELEASE Collaborators: Brady ve ark. (2022, Stroke 53(3):956-967). Bireysel katılımcı verisi (IPD) ağ meta-analizi. Afazi terapisi doz mimarisinin altın standart kanıtı.
Remote Monitoring: Monitoring of an individual's vital signs by a remote healthcare team through communication technologies.
Repeated Reading: An approach that enhances reading fluency by having the same text read aloud multiple times until speed and accuracy improve.
Resonance Disorder: A disorder arising from the inability to properly direct the airflow through the oral-nasal cavity (hyponasality, hypernasality).
Resource Room: A room arranged to provide individual or group support instruction to students who continue their education through inclusive education, in the specific areas where they need additional support.
Respite Care: A care arrangement that provides temporary relief at regular intervals to family members who continuously provide care.
Response to Intervention Model: A multi-tiered model that aims to identify learning difficulties early in children at risk of learning disabilities by providing evidence-based interventions of increasing intensity.
Restricted and Specific Interests: The display of intense and limited interest in specific topics or objects in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
RET (Cevap Genişletme Terapisi / Response Elaboration Training): Kearns 1985. Hastanın spontan ürettiği sözcüğü/öbeği temel alarak ardışık ‘wh’ soruları ile cümleye genişletme.
Retention (Elde Tutma / Tutundurma): D1, D7, D30, D90 — kayıt sonrası 1, 7, 30, 90. günde geri dönen kullanıcı oranı.
Retinitis Pigmentosa: A hereditary disease in which the progressive degeneration of the photoreceptors in the retina causes first night blindness, then a narrowing of the visual field, and eventually complete blindness over time.
Retinopathy of Prematurity: A condition associated with premature birth that can lead to vision loss due to abnormal development of the retinal blood vessels.
Retrieval Practice (Geri Çağırma Pratiği): Bilginin pasif tekrar yerine aktif olarak hatırlanmasıyla pekiştirilmesi prensibi.
Rett Syndrome: A neurodevelopmental disorder associated with MECP2 gene mutation; predominantly affecting girls, characterized by a period of normal development followed by regression with loss of hand use and speech, and stereotypic hand movements.
Reverse Inclusion: An arrangement in which typically developing peers come to the special education environment where individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are present, in order to interact with them.
Rey Complex Figure Test: A neuropsychological measure assessing visual-spatial perception, organization, and visual memory; frequently used in the evaluation of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD).
Rigid Boundaries: Family structures characterized by limited communication and closeness between family members, resulting in disengaged and disconnected relationships.
Robotic Rehabilitation: A modern rehabilitation approach that provides high-repetition, measurable, and targeted movement training through exoskeletons and robot-assisted devices.
ROMA (Research Outcome Measurement in Aphasia) Core Outcome Set: Wallace ve ark. 2019; afazi denemelerinde standart sonuç ölçütleri seti: WAB-R + GHQ-12 + SAQOL-39 + duygusal ölçümler. ROMA-2 (2023) iletişim güncellemesini içerir.
Royalty-Free: Tek seferlik ücret veya ücretsiz erişim sonrası kullanım başına ek telif ödenmeyen lisans modeli.
rTMS (Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Tekrarlayıcı TMS): Yüksek/düşük frekanslı tekrarlayıcı manyetik darbelerle uygulanan TMS varyantı; eylem-fiil eksikliklerinde kanıt güçleniyor (Brain Sci 2024).

S-Ş140 terms

SaaS (Software as a Service): Hizmet olarak yazılım; abonelik tabanlı.
Sağlık 4.0 (Health 4.0): Endüstri 4.0 paradigmasının sağlık alanındaki uzantısı; IoT, AI, büyük veri, bulut entegrasyonu.
Sanal Terapist / Avatar (Virtual Therapist / Avatar): AphasiaScripts’te olduğu gibi dijital insan modelinin terapi senaryolarını yönetmesi.
Sandtray Therapy: A projective therapy method in which children and adults symbolically reflect their inner world using sand and miniature objects.
SAQOL-39 (Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39): Afaziye uyarlanmış 39 maddelik yaşam kalitesi ölçeği.
Savant Ability: A profile in which an individual displays extraordinary talent in one or more areas; observed in a small proportion of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Scaling Question: A technique that makes progress tangible by asking the individual to rate their current situation on a scale, such as 0 to 10.
SCA™ (Supported Conversation for Adults with Aphasia): Aura Kagan & Aphasia Institute (Toronto). İletişim partneri eğitim protokolü. Kagan 2001 (JSLHR).
SCERTS Model: A comprehensive, family- and team-based intervention framework that simultaneously addresses social communication, emotional regulation, and transactional supports.
Schema Therapy: A therapy targeting maladaptive schemas and coping styles formed in early childhood, integrating elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy, attachment theory, and Gestalt therapy.
Sclera Pictograms: Belçika kökenli, 11.000+ yüksek kontrastlı (siyah-beyaz) yetişkin piktogramı; düşük görme afazisi ve görsel yorgunluk için ideal. CC BY-NC.
Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine in a C or S shape.
Screen Reader: Software that presents screen content to visually impaired users by converting it to speech or transmitting it to a Braille display (e.g., JAWS, NVDA).
Script Library (Senaryo Kütüphanesi): Eczane, doktor, market, telefon görüşmesi gibi tipik günlük durumlar için hazırlanmış metin koleksiyonu (Cherney AphasiaScripts modeli).
Scripted Echolalia: The repetition by an individual with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) of phrases heard from books, films, or conversations in different contexts; it can be utilized by assigning a communicative function to it.
Secure Attachment: An attachment pattern resulting from the caregiver's consistent and responsive availability, enabling the child to both explore freely and find a secure base whenever needed.
Secure Attachment Parenting: A responsive and consistent parenting model that prioritizes maintaining a secure bond between parent and child.
Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy: A neurosurgical procedure in which selected sensory nerve fibers causing spasticity are severed; reduces spasticity in specific patients with diplegic cerebral palsy (CP).
Selective Mutism: A condition in which a person consistently refrains from speaking in specific social settings (e.g., at school) despite having the ability to speak.
Self-Administered Therapy (Öz-Yönetimli Terapi): Hastanın klinisyen olmadan tablet/PC üzerinden bağımsız uyguladığı yapılandırılmış terapi (Brain Sci 2025 sistematik derleme).
Self-Care Skills: Skills aimed at independently meeting an individual's daily personal needs, such as eating and drinking, dressing, toileting, and personal hygiene.
Self-Determination: The capacity of an individual to make choices, take decisions, set goals, and engage in self-advocacy regarding their own life.
Self-Disclosure: The process by which an individual shares their feelings and experiences at an appropriate level to establish closeness and intimacy.
Self-Efficacy: An individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task; the central concept of Bandura's social-cognitive theory.
Self-Esteem: The value an individual assigns to themselves; it constitutes the emotional dimension of self-perception.
Self-Help Resources: The totality of supports that an individual can implement independently through books, worksheets, applications, and online programs.
Self-Injurious Behavior: Repetitive behaviors in which an individual causes harm to their own body; requires functional behavioral analysis and appropriate intervention.
Self-Regulation: The ability of an individual to monitor and manage their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in order to achieve their goals.
Self-Stimulatory Behavior: Repetitive behaviors exhibited by an individual to meet their internal sensory needs.
Semantic Map: A graphic organizer used in pre-reading activities, in which related ideas and words are arranged in branches around a central concept.
Semantic-Pragmatic Disorder: A type of language disorder characterized by significant difficulties in the semantic and social use dimensions of language, while structural language remains relatively intact.
Semantics: The field that examines the meaning of words and sentences and the semantic relationships between them.
Semantik (Semantics): Anlambilim.
Semantik Varyant PPA (Semantic Variant PPA, svPPA / Semantic Dementia): Düşük frekanslı sözcüklerde anlama ve adlandırma kaybı, nesne anlamı kaybı, yüzeyel disleksi/disgrafi. Atrofi: Bilateral anterior temporal lob (sol > sağ). Patoloji: FTLD-TDP-43 tip C.
Senaryo Terapisi (Script Training): Holland, Cherney ve ark. Hastanın günlük yaşamında ihtiyaç duyduğu anlamlı senaryoların ezberlenip akıcı üretilebilir hale getirilmesi.
Senkron (Synchronous) Telerehab: Terapist ve hastanın eş zamanlı (canlı video) bağlantı kurduğu seans modeli.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Permanent hearing loss that develops due to damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the auditory nerve.
Sensory Diet: An individualized program planned throughout the day according to the individual's sensory needs, consisting of regulatory sensory activities designed to achieve sensory balance.
Sensory Efficiency Training: Training aimed at using the remaining senses of vision, hearing, touch, and smell together and efficiently.
Sensory Integration Therapy: A therapeutic approach that uses structured sensory experiences to support the organization of sensory stimuli in the brain.
Sensory Processing: The reception, organization, and transformation of sensory stimuli by the nervous system into adaptive responses.
Sentactics: Thompson ve ark. 2010; bilgisayar otomatik TUF; klinisyen-yönetimli TUF ile eşit etkinlik.
Sertifika Programı (Certification Program): Mesleki gelişim için tamamlanan eğitim programları.
Service Coordinator: A professional who acts as a bridge between different institutions and professional groups on behalf of the individual and family, ensuring continuity of services.
Service Desert: A region where geographical access to special education, rehabilitation, or health services is extremely limited.
Setting the Stage / Environmental Arrangement: The prior arrangement of materials and the environment in a way that encourages the initiation of communication and interaction.
Severe Intellectual Disability: A group requiring intensive support in acquiring basic self-care and communication skills.
Severely Disabled: The level of disability that makes fully independent living impossible, used as the basis for eligibility for home care allowance and certain legal rights.
Sexual Therapy: A specialized therapy field aimed at sexual dysfunctions and couple problems related to sexuality.
SFA (Semantik Özellik Analizi / Semantic Feature Analysis): Hedef sözcüğü merkeze alan, altı semantik özelliğin (üst kategori, kullanım, eylem, yer, fiziksel özellikler, çağrışım) sözel olarak üretildiği yöntem. Anomi için altın standart. Boyle 2004; Wambaugh 2013; Efrati-Kostroun 2018 meta-analizi.
SFA Worksheet (SFA Çalışma Kâğıdı): Hedef sözcüğü merkeze alan, altı semantik özelliğin (kategori, kullanım, eylem, yer, fiziksel özellik, çağrışım) yazıldığı yapılandırılmış çalışma sayfası.
SGK (Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu): Türkiye’nin sosyal güvenlik kurumu; uzun vadede dijital terapötiklerin geri ödeme listesine girişi hedeflenebilir.
Shadow Teacher: An educator who provides individual support to an inclusion student within the classroom and assists the classroom teacher.
Shaping: The systematic reinforcement of successive approximations that progressively move toward a target behavior not yet exhibited by the individual, thereby developing that behavior over time.
Sheltered Workplace: A semi-sheltered work environment in which individuals who have difficulty transitioning to independent employment can engage in productive work under adapted conditions.
Sıklık (Frequency): Haftalık seans/gün sayısı. RELEASE: 3–5+ gün/hafta.
Sınır Bölgesi İnfarktı (Watershed Infarct): İki büyük arteryel sulama alanı arasındaki sınır bölgede oluşan iskemi; mikst transkortikal afaziye yol açar.
SİAT (Sözcük Düzeyi İşitsel Anlama Testi): Türkçe afazili bireyler için ilk sözcük düzeyi işitsel anlama testi; ADD ile r=0,768 korelasyon (DKYAD geçerlik makalesi).
Sibling Support Group: A group program in which children who have a sibling with special needs can share their feelings and find support.
Sighted Guide Technique: A technique in which a sighted person provides safe guidance to a visually impaired individual through arm-holding while navigating the environment.
Sign Language: A visual-spatial language consisting of hand, facial, and body movements, with its own grammatical rules.
Signed Exact English (SEE): An artificial sign system that mirrors English grammar exactly in sign language format; used in educational settings.
Simultaneous Prompting: A discrete trial teaching approach in which the controlling prompt that elicits the correct response is presented simultaneously with the target stimulus.
Single-Case Experimental Design (SCED): Tek olgu deneysel deseni; A-B-A baseline-tedavi-takip yapısı.
Sistematik Derleme (Systematic Review): Belirli bir araştırma sorusuna ilişkin tüm kanıtların önceden belirlenmiş kriterlerle taranması.
Skill Maintenance: Documentation of whether skills for which instruction has been completed are sustained and maintained over time.
Slate and Stylus: A manual writing tool consisting of a portable frame and a pointed stylus, used for writing Braille.
Sleep Disorders: Problems related to the sleep-wake cycle such as insomnia, excessive sleepiness, parasomnia, and rhythm disorders.
Sliding Board: An assistive device that helps slide a seated individual between two surfaces by reducing friction.
SMA (Spinal Muscular Atrophy): A hereditary disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness due to the degeneration of anterior horn motor neurons in the spinal cord.
Smart Home Technologies: A system that enhances accessibility by controlling lighting, curtains, heating, security, and devices through voice commands or applications.
Smith-Magenis Syndrome: A syndrome associated with a 17p11.2 deletion, characterized by sleep rhythm disturbances, self-injurious behaviors, and intellectual disability.
Snellen Chart: Standard eye test in which visual acuity is measured by reading rows of letters from a specific distance.
Snodgrass-Vanderwart 260 (S&V 260): Snodgrass & Vanderwart 1980; klasik 260 standardize çizim seti; isim adlandırma terapi ve araştırmasının taşı. CC BY-NC-SA (Rossion-Pourtois renklendirme).
Social Anxiety Disorder: Marked fear and avoidance in social situations where one is exposed to possible scrutiny or evaluation by others.
Social Assistance: State-provided support programs for individuals in need, including cash benefits, in-kind aid, and service-based assistance.
Social Reciprocity: The flow of communication in interaction maintained through mutual turn-taking, sharing of emotions, and feedback.
Social Robot-Assisted Therapy: The use of programmable humanoid robots such as NAO, Kaspar, and Milo in social-communication interventions, particularly for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Social Skills: The totality of behaviors such as building interpersonal relationships, taking responsibility, self-respect, following rules, and avoiding victimization.
Social Skills Group Training: An intervention approach in which individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) practice social skills in structured group sessions alongside their peers.
Social Stories: A tool that explains social situations or rules that an individual finds difficult to understand, from their own perspective, using short, visually supported texts.
Social Support Network: The totality of formal and informal relationships surrounding the family with emotional, informational, and instrumental support.
Social Worker: A professional who guides individuals and families in accessing their social rights and provides psychosocial support.
Socioeconomic Disadvantage: The cumulative negative impact of factors such as low income, limited education, unstable employment, and inadequate social support on a child's developmental, educational, and health outcomes.
Sol İnferior Frontal Girus (Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, IFG): Broca alanını içerir; nfvPPA’nın atrofi merkezi.
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A short-term, practitioner-oriented approach that focuses on exceptions, strengths, and the future rather than the problem.
Somatoform Symptoms: Disorders characterized by medically unexplained or disproportionate physical symptoms, accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to those symptoms.
Somutluk Etkisi (Imageability/Concreteness Effect): Somut sözcüklerin soyutlara göre daha kolay üretilmesi.
Sosyal İzolasyon (Social Isolation): Afazinin yaygın ikincil sonucu; iletişim güçlüğü nedeniyle sosyal çevrenin daralması.
Söz Dizimi (Syntax): Cümle yapısı kuralları; Türkçe SOV (Özne-Nesne-Yüklem) temel sıralı.
Spaced Repetition Algorithm (Aralıklı Tekrar Algoritması): SM-2 ve türevleri; doğru/yanlış geçmişine göre tekrar aralıklarını otomatik hesaplayan dijital terapi algoritması.
Spaced Retrieval Training (SRT): Aralıklı geri çağırma eğitimi; özellikle PPA’da kullanılır.
Spasmodic Dysphonia: A neurological voice disorder in which involuntary spasms of the laryngeal muscles cause speech to become strained, choppy, or breathy.
Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A type of cerebral palsy characterized by continuously tense muscles and significant difficulty in performing voluntary movements.
Special Education: Education provided in appropriate settings through specially trained personnel and developed educational programs and methods, taking into account the characteristics of individuals with special needs across all developmental domains and their competencies in academic disciplines.
Special Education Evaluation Board (ÖEDK): A multidisciplinary board that reviews the results of an individual's educational assessment and diagnosis, and makes decisions regarding the most appropriate educational environment and necessary support services.
Special Needs Level: A classification determined by how much the child's level of functioning deviates from what is expected for their age; the intensity of need increases from A to G.
Special Needs Sibling Effect: The unique experience of children who have a sibling with special needs, regarding emotional burden, perception of responsibility, and identity development.
Specific Learning Disability (SLD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of one or more of the following skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and mathematics.
Specific Phobia: A marked and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that is disproportionate to the actual danger posed by that object or situation.
Speech Banana: The banana-shaped region on an audiogram formed by the frequency and intensity values of speech sounds; it visually represents the effect of hearing loss on speech perception.
Speech Disorder: Difficulties related to the production of sounds (articulation), fluency of speech, or the quality of the voice.
Speech Understanding in Noisy Environments: An audiological test that measures an individual's ability to perceive speech under real-life-like noisy conditions.
Spina Bifida: A congenital structural anomaly caused by the incomplete closure of the neural tube during the development of the spinal cord.
Spoken AAC: AI destekli predictive AAC; doğal sesler.
Spontan İyileşme (Spontaneous Recovery): Doğal nörobiyolojik onarımla ilk 3-6 ayda gözlenen iyileşme.
SQ3R Strategy: A structured reading comprehension strategy that works through the steps of survey–question–read–recite–review.
SST (Sesletim Sesbilgisi Testi): Topbaş; 2-8 yaş ve afazi sonrası sesletim/fonoloji testi; üç alt boyut.
Stages of Grief: The emotional process stages in response to loss, defined as denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
Stairlift: A mobility aid that transports an individual between floors inside a home using a motorized chair or platform.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: An intelligence scale administered from age 2 through adulthood that assesses fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
Stereotypic Behavior: Repetitive, seemingly purposeless behaviors with specific patterns, which may be motor (rocking, hand flapping) or verbal (echolalia).
Stigmatization: The imposition of negative labels, prejudice, and discrimination toward individuals due to disability; a process with severe psychosocial consequences.
Stimulability Assessment: A pre-therapy evaluation that assesses the individual's potential to correctly produce a sound they misarticulate when provided with a model and cues.
Storyset: Freepik bünyesinde 50.000+ sahne illüstrasyonu; resim betimleme ve diskurs görevleri için yetişkine uygun, atıf gerektiren ücretsiz kaynak.
Strabismus (Squint): A condition in which the two eyes are misaligned and point in different directions, which can cause difficulties with depth perception and double vision.
Strategic Family Therapy: An approach by Haley and Madanes that uses directives and paradoxical interventions to break interaction patterns that maintain the problem.
Stroboscopy: An endoscopic examination in which the vibrations of the vocal cords are visualized using a slow-motion effect; used in the diagnosis of voice disorders.
Structural Family Therapy: A family therapy model developed by Minuchin that works by restructuring subsystems, boundaries, and hierarchy within the family.
Stuttering: A fluency disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by repetitions of sounds, syllables, and words, prolongations, and blocks.
Subakut Faz (Subacute Phase): 1–6 ay arası; rehabilitasyondan en yüksek kazanım dönemi.
Subitizing: The ability to quickly perceive and determine the quantity of a small number of objects without counting them.
Sudden Hearing Loss: Hearing loss of 30 dB or more across at least three consecutive frequencies, developing within 72 hours and requiring urgent medical evaluation.
Suicide Risk Assessment: The systematic screening of an individual's suicidal ideation, plans, intent, and risk factors in order to determine the level of suicide risk.
Supervision: The process in which a therapist regularly reviews their clinical work with a more experienced colleague in order to sustain and advance their professional development.
Support Education Tariff: The official tariff updated annually by the Ministry of National Education (MEB), determining the fees for individual and group sessions.
Support for Refugee and Migrant Families: Psychosocial support services for refugee and migrant families facing trauma, loss, and adaptation difficulties during the migration process.
Support Services: Services such as physiotherapy, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and psychological counseling provided to enable individuals receiving special education to benefit from their education to the fullest extent possible.
Supported Employment: An employment model based on placing individuals with special needs in competitive workplaces with the assistance of a job coach.
Supports Intensity Scale: A standardized measurement tool designed to determine the type, frequency, and intensity of supports needed by an individual in their daily life.
Supramarginal Girus (Supramarginal Gyrus): Brodmann 40; fonolojik işlemleme ve tekrar.
SUS (System Usability Scale): Sistem kullanılabilirlik ölçeği; afazi-uyarlanmış sürümleri dijital ürünlerin kullanılabilirlik testinde kullanılır.
Swallowing Disorder (Dysphagia): Difficulties observed in the safe and effective transfer of food from the mouth to the stomach.
Swallowing Maneuvers: Specialized techniques such as the Mendelsohn maneuver and supraglottic swallowing used to support safe swallowing in individuals with dysphagia.
SymbolStix PRIME: N2Y şirketinin 50.000+ ticari sembolü; Proloquo2Go, Tobii Dynavox ve Lingraphica gibi AAC platformlarında kullanılan abonelik tabanlı kütüphane.
SymboTalk: ARASAAC + Sclera + Mulberry + Tawasol kütüphanelerini tek arama altında sunan ücretsiz AAC uygulaması; 23 dil (Türkçe dahil).
Synchronous Therapy: Live remote therapy in which the therapist and client connect online at the same time.
Syntax: A field of linguistics that examines the rules governing the arrangement of words within a sentence.
Systematic Desensitization: A method based on gradual exposure to stimuli in a fear hierarchy while in a state of relaxation.
Systemic Approach: A theoretical framework that posits that the behaviors and problems of individuals are only meaningful within the totality of the relational system in which they are embedded.

T74 terms

T-RAT (Türkçe Resim Adlandırma Testi / Turkish Picture Naming Test): Türk örneklem PPA-SFA çalışmalarında kullanılan adlandırma probu.
Tactile Perception: The perception of properties such as shape, texture, temperature, and size of objects through the sense of touch.
Tactile Relief Map: A map in which spatial information is made perceptible through touch by being raised with varying heights, textures, and Braille labels.
Tactus Therapy: Vancouver merkezli, 20+ uygulama; Language Therapy 4-in-1 ana ürün; bağımsız etkinlik kanıtı (Stark & Warburton 2018, Cambridge).
Talking Mats: Aphasia Institute desteğiyle yaygınlaştırılan, afazili bireylerin tercih/duygu paylaşmasını sağlayan görsel-yapılandırılmış konuşma çerçevesi.
TalkPath News: Lingraphica; günlük haberleri sesli okuma + anlama quizleriyle sunan ücretsiz afazi uygulaması.
Tanrıdağ Sempozyumu: Türkiye’nin afazioloji alanında düzenli sempozyumu.
Tanrıdağ Sempozyumu: Türkiye’nin afazioloji alanındaki düzenli ulusal sempozyumu; Prof. Dr. Oğuz Tanrıdağ adına yapılır.
Task Analysis: The breakdown of a complex skill into small, observable, and measurable sub-steps in order to facilitate instruction.
Tawasol Symbols: Katar Mada Center tarafından geliştirilen 1.000+ Arapça/İngilizce kültürel-uyumlu sembol kütüphanesi; ücretsiz.
TBDHD (Türk Beyin Damar Hastalıkları Derneği): İnme/afazi yayınları ve akademik etkinlikleri yürüten Türk meslek derneği.
tDCS (Transkranyal Doğru Akım Stimülasyonu / Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation): Düşük doğru akım ile beyin stimülasyonu; SFA gibi tedavilerle birleşik araştırmalarda etkili.
TEACCH Approach: A comprehensive educational model that supports independence through visually structured environments, activity schedules, and work systems.
Technology Readiness Level: A scale defining the maturity stages 1–9 that a technology undergoes from basic research to commercialization.
Tek Seferlik Satın Alma (One-Time Purchase): Abonelik yerine tek ödeme modeli; klinik kullanım için tercih edilebilir.
Tele-ABA: A model for the remote delivery of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) services through video conferencing and parent coaching.
Tele-DKT (Tele-SLP / Tele Speech-Language Pathology): Dil ve konuşma terapisi hizmetinin uzaktan sunumu.
Telemedicine / Telehealth: Conducting physician-patient consultations and appointments via video, telephone, or digital platforms.
Telepractice / Telehealth: Sağlık hizmetinin dijital iletişim teknolojileriyle uzaktan sunulmasının genel terimi; ASHA telepractice kullanımı tercih eder.
Telerehabilitasyon (Telerehabilitation, TeleRehab): Uzaktan dijital araçlarla (video konferans, mobil uygulama, web platformu) sunulan rehabilitasyon hizmeti.
Telerehabilitation: The remote delivery of rehabilitation services through information and communication technologies; covers areas such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language therapy.
Teletherapy: The remote delivery of therapy sessions using digital tools such as video conferencing, audio, or written communication.
Telif Koruma (Copyright Protection): Eserlerin yetkisiz çoğaltılmasını önleyen yasal ve teknik tedbirler bütünü.
Teller Acuity Card Test: A test used to assess visual acuity in infants and young children using the preferential looking method.
Temporary Care Facility: An institution where the individual resides and receives care for a limited period during times when home care is not possible.
Temporoparyetal Bileşke (Temporo-Parietal Junction, TPJ): lvPPA’nın atrofi merkezi.
Terminal Care: Care that centers the comfort, dignity, and spiritual needs of the individual and their family during the final months of life.
Test Anxiety: A form of anxiety experienced before and during exams that negatively affects performance through cognitive and physiological responses.
Thalassemia: A blood disorder caused by a genetic defect in the production of hemoglobin chains, leading to chronic anemia and growth retardation.
Theory of Mind: The ability to understand and attribute emotions, thoughts, beliefs, and intentions to others, and to distinguish them from one's own mental state.
Therapeutic Alliance: The collaborative relationship established between client and therapist based on shared goals, tasks, and emotional bond; a key predictor of therapy success.
Theraplay: A play-based therapy approach that strengthens parent-child attachment through the dimensions of structure, challenge, engagement, and nurture.
Therapy Tracking with Wearable Technology: Integration of movement, heart rate, sleep, and emotional state data into the therapy process through smartwatches, wristbands, and sensors.
Threshold Removal: Creating an accessible home environment by removing barriers at room transitions for individuals who use wheelchairs and walkers.
Tıbbi Cihaz Yönetmeliği: Avrupa Tıbbi Cihaz Tüzüğü (MDR) ile uyumlu Türk düzenlemesi.
Tinnitus: A condition in which an individual perceives sounds in their ear or head without an external sound source.
TİTCK (Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu): Tıbbi cihaz onay otoritesi; “tedavi” iddialı dijital ürünler için kayıt zorunluluğu doğurabilir.
TMS (Transkranyal Manyetik Stimülasyon / Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation): Beyin stimülasyon yöntemi; afazi tedavisinde araştırılıyor.
TOAD (Türkçe Ölçek Arşivi): halileksi.net altında yürütülen, BAT, GAT-2 dahil Türkçe ölçeklerin geçerlik-güvenirlik kayıtlarının dizinlendiği arşiv.
Token Test: De Renzi & Vignolo (1962) — işitsel anlama testi; renk, şekil, boyut farklı tokenlerle sözdizimsel komut takibi.
Total Communication: A communication approach that combines speech, sign language, gesture, writing, and visual aids simultaneously.
Touch Technique: A technique for scanning the ground in rhythm with steps by utilizing the arc of the white cane.
TouchChat (PRC-Saltillo): SymbolStix veya PCS sembol bundle’ı uygulama içi satın alarak çalışan AAC platformu.
Tracheostomy: A permanent or temporary artificial airway created externally into the trachea to ensure airway safety.
Tracheostomy Care: Daily practice involving cleaning of the tracheostomy cannula, suctioning, cuff pressure monitoring, and skin care.
Trailing Technique: An independent mobility technique in which an individual walks along a surface (wall, corridor edge) using their hand to maintain direction.
Transdisciplinary Approach: A collaborative model in which professionals from different fields work together toward shared goals, transcending the boundaries of their individual roles.
Transfer Techniques: Safe transfer methods between bed and wheelchair, and between wheelchair and toilet; ergonomic techniques that also protect the caregiver's back health.
Transfers: The safe movement of an individual from one surface to another (e.g., from bed to wheelchair) or the ability to perform this transition independently.
Transition Assessment: A systematic process of identifying an individual's skills, interests, and needs in relation to their post-school life, higher education, and employment goals.
Transition Plan: A written plan that supports an individual's transition from one educational level to another or from school to working life.
Transitional Crises: Adjustment difficulties experienced by the family at significant turning points in the life cycle (marriage, birth, adolescence, divorce).
Transkortikal Duyusal Afazi (Transcortical Sensory Aphasia, TCSA): Akıcı, anlama bozuk, tekrar korunmuş, adlandırma bozuk. Lezyon: Sol temporooksipital bileşke.
Transkortikal Motor Afazi (Transcortical Motor Aphasia, TCMA): Akıcılığı bozuk, anlama korunmuş, tekrar korunmuş, adlandırma bozuk. Lezyon: Broca alanına süperior/anterior bölge.
Transportation Rights: Covers the rights of individuals with disabilities to free or discounted use of public transportation, adapted vehicles, and reserved seating.
Transtheoretical Model: A model developed by Prochaska and DiClemente that defines change through the stages of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT): A structured therapy designed for children and adolescents who have experienced trauma, encompassing psychoeducation, skill building, and trauma narration in an organized framework.
Travmatik Beyin Yaralanması (Traumatic Brain Injury, TBI): Kafa travması sonucu beyin hasarı; afazinin ikinci en yaygın nedeni.
Treadmill: Structured training aimed at teaching the individual to walk in a balanced and effective manner using appropriate assistive devices.
Treated vs. Untreated Stimuli: Eğitilmiş ile eğitilmemiş madde karşılaştırması; genelleme kanıtı için kritik.
Treatment Fidelity (Tedavi Sadakati): Bir terapinin protokolüne ne ölçüde uyularak uygulandığının ölçümü; replikasyon ve klinik geçerlik için kritik (Edmonds VNeST 2014 örneği).
Triangulation: A systemic pattern in which the tension between two individuals is managed by involving a third person in the relationship.
Triple P Program: A multi-level, evidence-based parenting intervention aimed at families, offered at varying levels of intensity.
Trunk Control: The ability to maintain the trunk upright and balanced during sitting and standing; a prerequisite for upper extremity functions.
TS Corpus / Turkish National Corpus: Türkçe sözcük frekansı veritabanları; içerik üretiminde sözcük seçimi için referans.
TTS (Metinden Konuşmaya / Text-to-Speech): Yazılı metni doğal sese çeviren teknoloji.
Tuberous Sclerosis: A genetic disorder that causes benign tumors in the brain, skin, heart, and kidneys, and is associated with increased rates of intellectual disability, seizures, and autism.
TUF (Underlying Forms Tedavisi / Treatment of Underlying Forms): Thompson ve ark. Karmaşık cümle yapılarının açık öğretimi yoluyla daha basit yapılara genelleme — Karmaşıklık Etkisi (Complexity Effect) ilkesine dayanır.
Turkish Sign Language (TİD): A natural language used by the Deaf community in Turkey, with an independent syntax and morphology.
TÜBİTAK 1501: Sanayi Ar-Ge Projeleri Destekleme Programı; Anaeli’nin başvuru kapsamı.
Türkiye İnme Akademisi: Türk Nöroloji Derneği’nin düzenli yürüttüğü, inme rehabilitasyon konularını kapsayan eğitim programı.
Türkiye İnme Verileri (Topcuoglu & Ozdemir, 2023): Yıllık 125.345 yeni inme, prevalans 1.080.380, ölüm 48.947, DALY kaybı 993.082.
Twice Exceptional (2e): A term used for individuals who are gifted or have high intellectual potential while also having a special educational need such as a Specific Learning Disability (SLD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Tympanometry: An objective test that evaluates middle ear function, eardrum mobility, and middle ear pressure.

U7 terms

UEB: Unified English Braille, a standardized Braille code system used in English-speaking countries for literary and technical materials.
Unconditional Positive Regard: A central principle in Carl Rogers' humanistic approach; the acceptance of the client as a valued person without judgment.
unDraw: Atıf gerektirmeyen, renk-uyarlanabilir, ticari kullanıma açık 1.000+ yetişkin-uygun düz illüstrasyon kütüphanesi.
Universal Design for Learning: The design of learning processes from the outset, based on multiple means of representation, expression, and engagement, to ensure accessibility for all individuals.
Use of Residual Vision: Training aimed at enabling individuals with low vision to use their remaining visual capacity in the most functional way in daily life and education.
User Acceptance Testing: The validation phase in which a developed system is tested by end users under real-world conditions prior to commercialization.
Usher Syndrome: A condition characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss combined with progressive retinitis pigmentosa; the most common genetic cause of deaf-blindness.

Ü1 terms

Üsküdar DKT Bölümü: Aphasia Therapy Online’ın Türkçe uyarlamasını yapan ve afazi alanında yayınlar üreten lisans programı.

V23 terms

VAST (Video Assisted Speech Training): Video model konuşmacıların ağız hareketlerini izleyip eşzamanlı tekrar etmeye dayalı konuşma apraksisi/afazi terapisi; Tactus Apraxia Therapy app’inin temeli.
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency: The inability of the soft palate and pharyngeal walls to adequately close the nasal passage during speech, resulting in hypernasal speech.
VERBİS (Veri Sorumluları Sicili): KVKK kapsamındaki kayıt sistemi.
Veri Yerelleştirme (Data Localization): Verilerin ülke sınırları içinde barındırılma zorunluluğu.
VFSS: Radiological swallowing assessment in which the phases of swallowing are observed via fluoroscopy during the ingestion of barium-coated foods.
VISTA (Video Implemented Script Training for Aphasia): Henry ve ark.; video model + kişisel senaryolarla yürütülen konuşma eğitim protokolü; PPA varyantlarına da genişletilmiştir (M-VISTA, Henry 2024 JSLHR).
Video Magnifier: A visual aid that captures text or objects via a camera, displays them enlarged on a screen, and also allows for color and contrast adjustments.
Video Modeling: A method based on the individual watching a pre-recorded video demonstration of the target skill and then imitating it.
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: A scale that assesses adaptive behavior levels in the domains of communication, daily living, socialization, and motor skills through a caregiver interview.
Virtual Connections (Lingraphica Join In): SLP-yönetimli haftada 7 gün online afazi sohbet grupları.
Virtual Reality-Assisted Therapy: Implementation of social scenario, motor rehabilitation, and exposure applications in immersive environments created with VR headsets.
Visual Acuity: A measure of the eye's ability to distinguish fine details, determined by standard tests.
Visual Field: The spatial region that can be perceived from the surrounding environment while the eye remains fixed.
Visual Impairment: The presence of loss in visual functions, despite all treatments and optical corrections, to a degree that negatively affects the individual's educational and daily life performance.
Visual Timer: A tool that displays elapsed time through a colored disc or sand movement, making it easier to understand transitions and waiting periods.
Visual-Motor Coordination: The ability to execute visual perception and motor movement simultaneously and in a coordinated manner.
Visual-Spatial Learning Difficulty: A profile in which verbal skills are relatively preserved, while significant difficulties are present in visual-spatial processing, social functioning, and interpreting instructions.
VNeST (Verb Network Strengthening Treatment): Edmonds ve ark. Hedef fiil etrafında uygun argüman yapılarının (kim-ne-nerede) üretilmesi; isim adlandırma + cümle üretimine genelleme sağlar.
Vocabulary: The total set of words used by an individual at the level of comprehension (receptive) or production (expressive).
Vocal Nodules: Benign growths on the vocal cords that develop as a result of misuse or overuse of the voice, leading to hoarseness.
Voice Disorder: Disruptions in the pitch, loudness, or quality of the voice resulting from structural or functional problems of the vocal cords.
Voice Hygiene Program: A package of training and recommendations aimed at improving voice use habits in individuals with voice disorders.
Vojta Therapy: A therapeutic method that elicits reflex locomotion patterns in the central nervous system through trigger points applied to specific body regions.

W27 terms

WAB-R (Western Aphasia Battery–Revised): Kertesz tarafından geliştirilen, afazi tipi ve şiddetini sınıflandıran kapsamlı batarya. AQ (Aphasia Quotient) skoru üretir.
Waiting List Effect: The consequences of long waiting periods, including missed opportunities for early intervention, progression of symptoms, and burnout experienced by the family.
Waitlist Control Group: A research design that, considering ethical concerns, applies the intervention received by the experimental group to the control group at the end of the study.
Walker / Walking Frame: A standing assistive device that facilitates walking by providing balance and support.
Watermark (Filigran): Dijital içeriğe alıcı kimliği işlenmesi; korsanlığa karşı tedbir.
Watermark Gömme (Watermark Embedding): Dijital içeriğe görünmez veya görünür filigran yerleştirme süreci.
WCAG 2.1 AA Accessibility: An international standard established to make web content accessible to individuals with disabilities, based on the principles of perceivability, operability, understandability, and robustness.
Weighted Blanket/Vest: An assistive tool used to provide deep pressure stimulation, supporting the individual's sensory regulation and calming.
Well-being: The holistic psycho-social state of an individual, assessed through meaningful life, interpersonal relationships, and a sense of achievement.
WER (Kelime Hata Oranı / Word Error Rate): ASR doğruluğu için standart metrik.
Wernicke Afazisi (Wernicke’s Aphasia): Akıcı ama paragramatik/parafazik, anlama bozuk, tekrar bozuk, adlandırma bozuk. Lezyon: Sol süperior temporal girus posterioru (Wernicke alanı).
Wernicke Alanı (Wernicke’s Area): Brodmann 22 (posterior); sol süperior temporal girus posterioru. Sözel anlama.
Wernicke's Aphasia: A type of aphasia characterized by fluent but content-empty speech and difficulty in language comprehension.
Wheelchair: A manual or motorized mobility device that enables independent movement for individuals with ambulation difficulties.
Whisper: OpenAI’nin çok dilli konuşma tanıma modeli; afazili konuşma için fine-tuning ile kullanılabilir.
White Cane: An assistive device and identity symbol that enables individuals with visual impairment to scan their environment, detect obstacles, and move independently.
WISC-R / WISC-IV / WISC-V: A standardized intelligence scale that assesses the cognitive functions of children aged 6–16; encompasses components of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.
Widgit Symbols: İngiltere kökenli, 12.000+ sembol / 40.000+ kelime kapsamlı, klinik öğrenme güçlüğü ve afazi panolarında UK standardı sayılan ticari kütüphane.
Wikimedia Commons: 140M+ medya dosyalı CC0/CC BY/Public Domain medya bankası; Türk yiyecek ve kültür kategorisinde zengin içerik.
Williams Syndrome: A syndrome caused by a deletion on chromosome 7, characterized by marked social gregariousness, relatively preserved language skills, and significant difficulties in the visuospatial domain.
Wilson Reading System: A structured, cumulative, and multisensory program that teaches foundational literacy skills to students with specific learning disabilities.
Within-Subject Design (Birey-İçi Tasarım): Aynı katılımcının ön-son test karşılaştırması; küçük örneklem pilot çalışmalarında yaygın.
Work and Vocational Skills: Professional competencies acquired for sheltered or competitive employment.
Work System: An independent work arrangement within the TEACCH framework that visually shows the individual what task to do, how much, when, and what to do after finishing.
Workbook (Çalışma Kitabı): Yetişkin afazi için yapılandırılmış sayfa-sayfa egzersiz kitabı (Adult Speech Therapy Workbook, Cleveland State, Maviş & Topbaş Afazi-Apraksi-Dizartri).
Working Memory: A cognitive system that enables information to be held in mind for a short period while simultaneously being processed.
Written Captioning Service: Presentation of speech and important sounds as written text on screen; provides accessibility for individuals with hearing impairments.

Y8 terms

Yakınsal Gelişim Alanı (Zone of Proximal Development, ZPD): Vygotsky; %75–85 başarı bandı, “desirable difficulty”.
Yaşam Boyu Birey Dosyası (Lifelong Individual Profile): Bireyin tüm rehabilitasyon yaşam çevriminin tek dosyada izlenmesi.
Yaşam Katılımı Yaklaşımı (Life Participation Approach to Aphasia, LPAA): Tedavinin nihai hedefini WHO ICF çerçevesinde ‘aktivite ve katılım’ düzeyinde tanımlayan felsefi şemsiye.
Yetkinliği Ortaya Çıkarma (Revealing Competence): SCA’nın ikinci bileşeni: mesajı içeri alma, mesajı dışarı çıkarma, mesajı doğrulama stratejileri.
Yetkinliği Tanıma (Acknowledging Competence): SCA’nın iki ana bileşeninden biri: “Afazili birey söyleyebildiğinden çok daha fazlasını bilir” ilkesinin partner tarafından içselleştirilmesi.
Yoğun Hafta (Intensive Week / Massed Practice): 5–10 günlük yoğun protokol; ILAT/CIAT’ın temeli.
Yoğunluk (Intensity): Birim zamanda terapi saati. RELEASE: haftada 2–4 saat veya 9+ saat.
YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi: Türkiye’deki yüksek lisans ve doktora tezlerinin tam metin açık erişim arşivi; afazi rehab/değerlendirme/müdahale tezleri için temel kaynak.